Hướng dẫn install package python
Trong bài này mình sẽ hướng dẫn các bạn cách cài đặt package Python với pip, đây là lệnh giúp bạn install package, update package trong Python một cách dễ dàng. Show
Bài viết này được đăng tại freetuts.net, không được copy dưới mọi hình thức. Package Python giống như là một phần mềm nên muốn sử dụng thì bạn phải cài đặt nó. Bạn cũng có thể xem nó như là những plugin của Python, muốn sử dụng plugin nào thì cài đặt plugin đó. 1. Kiểm tra trước khi install package PythonTrước tiên bạn cần phải kiểm tra trên máy tính của mình đã đáp ứng những yêu cầu dưới đây hay chưa nhé. Đã cài đặt PythonHãy kiểm tra xem mình đã cài đặt Python hay chưa, bằng cách chạy lệnh kiểm tra version sau: Bài viết này được đăng tại [free tuts .net] Nếu kết quả nó trả về như sau là bạn đã cài đặt rồi. Còn không thì bạn hãy truy cập vào đường link mà mình giới thiệu ở trên để xem hướng dẫn cài đặt nhé. Đã cài đặt pipTiếp theo trên máy của bạn phải cài đặt pip, một module dùng để cài đặt các package Python. Chạy lệnh sau để xem đã cài hay chưa nhé. Nếu kết quả như sau thì tức là máy tính của bạn đã cài pip: Còn không thì bạn hãy chạy lênh dưới đây để tiến hành cài đặt pip nhé. python -m ensurepip --default-pip Lúc này bạn hãy chờ một vài giây để Python cài đặt gói này nhé. Kết quả bạn sẽ nhận được giao diện như sau. Khi bạn chạy một lệnh pip mà nó báo như sau tức là đã có phiên bản mới, bạn hãy update để sử dụng đầy đủ các tính năng của pip nhé. WARNING: You are using pip version 20.2.3; however, version 20.3.3 is available. 2. Cách install package PythonSau khi kiểm tra đủ hai điều kiện ở trên là bạn có thể tiến hành cài đặt bất kì package nào của Python rồi đấy. Để cài đặt package có tên là SomeProject thì ta dùng lệnh sau: pip install "SomeProject" Để chỉ định rõ version thì dùng lệnh sau: pip install "SomeProject==1.4" Để chỉ định version nằm trong khoảng nào thì dùng lệnh sau: pip install "SomeProject>=1,<2" Để cài đặt một phiên bản tương thích với phiên bản được chỉ định thì dùng lệnh sau: pip install "SomeProject~=1.4.2" Trong lệnh này thì Python sẽ cài đặt SomeProject có phiên bản lớn hơn hoặc bằng 1.4.2. Nếu bạn muốn cài từ một repo khác chứ không phải trên trang chủ của pip thì hãy sử dụng key index. pip install --index-url http://my.package.repo/simple/ SomeProject Lưu ý: Nếu bạn cài đặt một package không tồn tại thì sẽ nhận lỗi như sau: 3. Cách update package PythonSau khi cài đặt xong, nếu bạn có nhu cầu update version thì có thể sử dụng những lệnh dưới đây. Cập nhật package tên là SomeProject lên phiên bản mới nhất. pip install --upgrade SomeProject Lời kết: Về cơ bản thì bạn chỉ cần biết một số lệnh trên là có thể cài đặt package trong Python rồi đấy. Nếu bạn muốn tìm hiểu chuyên sâu hơn thì có thể tham khảo bài viết này nhé. This section covers the basics of how to install Python packages. It’s important to note that the term “package” in this context is being used to describe a bundle of software to be installed (i.e. as a synonym for a distribution). It does not to refer to the kind of package that you import in your Python source code (i.e. a container of modules). It is common in the Python community to refer to a distribution using the term “package”. Using the term “distribution” is often not preferred, because it can easily be confused with a Linux distribution, or another larger software distribution like Python itself. Requirements for Installing Packages¶This section describes the steps to follow before installing other Python packages. Ensure you can run Python from the command line¶Before you go any further, make sure you have Python and that the expected version is available from your command line. You can check this by running: You should get some output like Note If you’re a newcomer and you get an error like this: >>> python --version Traceback (most recent call last): File " It’s because this command and other suggested commands in this tutorial are intended to be run in a shell (also called a terminal or console). See the Python for Beginners getting started tutorial for an introduction to using your operating system’s shell and interacting with Python. Note If you’re using an enhanced shell like IPython or the Jupyter notebook, you can run system commands like those in this tutorial by prefacing them
with a In [1]: import sys !{sys.executable} --version Python 3.6.3 It’s recommended to write Note Due to the way most Linux distributions are handling the Python 3 migration, Linux users using the system Python without creating a virtual
environment first should replace the Ensure you can run pip from the command line¶Additionally, you’ll need to make sure you have pip available. You can check this by running: If you installed Python from source, with an installer from python.org, or via Homebrew you should already have pip. If you’re on Linux and installed using your OS package manager, you may have to install pip separately, see Installing pip/setuptools/wheel with Linux Package Managers. If Unix/macOS python3 -m ensurepip --default-pip Windows py -m ensurepip --default-pip If that still doesn’t allow you to run
Ensure pip, setuptools, and wheel are up to date¶While Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel Windows py -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel Optionally, create a virtual environment¶See section below for details, but here’s the basic venv 3 command to use on a typical Linux system: Unix/macOS python3 -m venv tutorial_env
source tutorial_env/bin/activate
Windows py -m venv tutorial_env tutorial_env\Scripts\activate This will create a new virtual environment in the Creating Virtual Environments¶Python “Virtual Environments” allow Python packages to be installed in an isolated location for a particular application, rather than being installed globally. If you are looking to safely install global command line tools, see Installing stand alone command line tools. Imagine you have an application that needs version 1 of LibFoo, but another application requires version 2. How can you use both these applications? If you install everything into /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages (or whatever your platform’s standard location is), it’s easy to end up in a situation where you unintentionally upgrade an application that shouldn’t be upgraded. Or more generally, what if you want to install an application and leave it be? If an application works, any change in its libraries or the versions of those libraries can break the application. Also, what if you can’t install packages into the global site-packages directory? For instance, on a shared host. In all these cases, virtual environments can help you. They have their own installation directories and they don’t share libraries with other virtual environments. Currently, there are two common tools for creating Python virtual environments:
The basic usage is like so: Using venv: Unix/macOS python3 -m venv Windows py -m venv <DIR> <DIR>\Scripts\activate Using virtualenv: Unix/macOS python3 -m virtualenv Windows virtualenv <DIR> <DIR>\Scripts\activate For more information, see the venv docs or the virtualenv docs. The use of source under Unix shells ensures that the virtual environment’s variables are set within the current shell, and not in a subprocess (which then disappears, having no useful effect). In both of the above cases, Windows users should _not_ use the source command, but should rather run the activate script directly from the command shell like so: Managing multiple virtual environments directly can become tedious, so the dependency management tutorial introduces a higher level tool, Pipenv, that automatically manages a separate virtual environment for each project and application that you work on. Use pip for Installing¶pip is the recommended installer. Below, we’ll cover the most common usage scenarios. For more detail, see the pip docs, which includes a complete Reference Guide. Installing from PyPI¶The most common usage of pip is to install from the Python Package Index using a requirement specifier. Generally speaking, a requirement specifier is composed of a project name followed by an optional version specifier. PEP 440 contains a full specification of the currently supported specifiers. Below are some examples. To install the latest version of “SomeProject”: Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install "SomeProject"
Windows py -m pip install "SomeProject"
To install a specific version: Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install "SomeProject==1.4"
Windows py -m pip install "SomeProject==1.4"
To install greater than or equal to one version and less than another: Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install "SomeProject>=1,<2"
Windows py -m pip install "SomeProject>=1,<2"
To install a version that’s “compatible” with a certain version: 4 Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install "SomeProject~=1.4.2"
Windows py -m pip install "SomeProject~=1.4.2"
In this case, this means to install any version “==1.4.*” version that’s also “>=1.4.2”. Source Distributions vs Wheels¶pip can install from either Source Distributions (sdist) or Wheels, but if both are present on PyPI, pip will prefer a compatible wheel. You can override pip`s default behavior by e.g. using its –no-binary option. Wheels are a pre-built distribution format that provides faster installation compared to Source Distributions (sdist), especially when a project contains compiled extensions. If pip does not find a wheel to install, it will locally build a wheel and cache it for future installs, instead of rebuilding the source distribution in the future. Upgrading packages¶Upgrade an already installed Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --upgrade SomeProject Windows py -m pip install --upgrade SomeProject Installing to the User Site¶To install
packages that are isolated to the current user, use the Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --user SomeProject Windows py -m pip install --user SomeProject For more information see the User Installs section from the pip docs. Note that the If
Requirements files¶Install a list of requirements specified in a Requirements File. Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt Windows py -m pip install -r requirements.txt Installing from VCS¶Install a project from VCS in “editable” mode. For a full breakdown of the syntax, see pip’s section on VCS Support. Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install -e git+https://git.repo/some_pkg.git#egg=SomeProject # from git python3 -m pip install -e hg+https://hg.repo/some_pkg#egg=SomeProject # from mercurial python3 -m pip install -e svn+svn://svn.repo/some_pkg/trunk/#egg=SomeProject # from svn python3 -m pip install -e git+https://git.repo/some_pkg.git@feature#egg=SomeProject # from a branch Windows py -m pip install -e git+https://git.repo/some_pkg.git#egg=SomeProject # from git py -m pip install -e hg+https://hg.repo/some_pkg#egg=SomeProject # from mercurial py -m pip install -e svn+svn://svn.repo/some_pkg/trunk/#egg=SomeProject # from svn py -m pip install -e git+https://git.repo/some_pkg.git@feature#egg=SomeProject # from a branch Installing from other Indexes¶Install from an alternate index Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --index-url http://my.package.repo/simple/ SomeProject Windows py -m pip install --index-url http://my.package.repo/simple/ SomeProject Search an additional index during install, in addition to PyPI Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --extra-index-url http://my.package.repo/simple SomeProject Windows py -m pip install --extra-index-url http://my.package.repo/simple SomeProject Installing from a local src tree¶Installing from local src in Development Mode, i.e. in such a way that the project appears to be installed, but yet is still editable from the src tree. Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install -e Windows py -m pip install -e <path>
You can also install normally from src Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install Windows Installing from local archives¶Install a particular source archive file. Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install ./downloads/SomeProject-1.0.4.tar.gz Windows py -m pip install ./downloads/SomeProject-1.0.4.tar.gz Install from a local directory containing archives (and don’t check PyPI) Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --no-index --find-links=file:///local/dir/ SomeProject python3 -m pip install --no-index --find-links=/local/dir/ SomeProject python3 -m pip install --no-index --find-links=relative/dir/ SomeProject Windows py -m pip install --no-index --find-links=file:///local/dir/ SomeProject py -m pip install --no-index --find-links=/local/dir/ SomeProject py -m pip install --no-index --find-links=relative/dir/ SomeProject Installing from other sources¶To install from other data sources (for example Amazon S3 storage) you can create a helper application that presents the data in a PEP 503 compliant index format, and use the ./s3helper --port=7777 python -m pip install --extra-index-url http://localhost:7777 SomeProject Installing Prereleases¶Find pre-release and development versions, in addition to stable versions. By default, pip only finds stable versions. Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --pre SomeProject Windows py -m pip install --pre SomeProject |