Volume 16, Issue 4, November 2001, Pages 219-224
//doi.org/10.1053/svms.2001.27597Get rights and content
View full textThe authors thank Pr. Raymond Robert [Angers, France] for providing microphotographs of direct examination of nail scales using CW [MycetFluo®]. Bristow IR, Spruce MC. Fungal foot infection, cellulitis and diabetes: a review. Diabet Med. 2009;26[5]:548–51. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02722.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar Feuilhade de Chauvin M. Mycological analysis in dermatology. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2018;145[10]:623–32. //doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2018.05.006.
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar Moreno G, Arenas R. Other fungi causing onychomycosis. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28[2]:160–3. //doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.009.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar Hainer BL. Dermatophyte infections. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67[1]:101–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar Vingataramin Y, Akhoundi M, Bruel C, Izri A, Brun S. Epidemiological and molecular characterization of a Trichophyton tonsurans epidemic in schools of a city in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25[4]:529–30. //doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.026.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar Petinataud D, Berger S, Ferdynus C, Debourgogne A, Contet-Audonneau N, Machouart M. Optimising the diagnostic strategy for onychomycosis from sample collection to FUNGAL identification evaluation of a diagnostic kit for real-time PCR. Mycoses. 2016;59[5]:304–11. //doi.org/10.1111/myc.12471.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11[3]:415–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groupe de travail de la Société Française de Dermatologie, Recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Onychomycoses : modalités de diagnostic et de prise en charge. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2007;134:5S7–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qureshi HS, Ormsby HA, Kapadia N. Effects of modified sample collection technique on fungal culture yield: nail clipping/scraping versus microdrill. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004;54[6]:301–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Piérard GE. In vivo confocal microscopy: a new paradigm in dermatology. Dermatology. 1993;186[1]:4–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothmund G, Sattler EC, Kaestle R, Fischer C, Haas CJ, Starz H, et al. Confocal laser scanning microscopy as a new valuable tool in the diagnosis of onychomycosis - comparison of six diagnostic methods. Mycoses. 2013;56[1]:47–55. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02198.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Moriello KA. Diagnostic techniques for dermatophytosis. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2001;16[4]:219–24. //doi.org/10.1053/svms.2001.27597.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Effendy I, Lecha M, Feuilhade de Chauvin M, Di Chiacchio N, Baran R, European Onychomycosis Observatory. Epidemiology and clinical classification of onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19[Suppl 1]:8–12. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01281.x. CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Summerbell RC, Cooper E, Bunn U, Jamieson F, Gupta AK. Onychomycosis: a critical study of techniques and criteria for confirming the etiologic significance of nondermatophytes. Med Mycol. 2005;43[1]:39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gianni C, Cerri A, Crosti C. Unusual clinical features of fingernail infection by Fusarium oxysporum. Mycoses. 1997;40:455–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lilly KK, Koshnick RL, Grill JP, Khalil ZM, Nelson DB, Warshaw EM. Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic tests for toenail onychomycosis: a repeated-measure, single-blinded, cross-sectional evaluation of 7 diagnostic tests. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55[4]:620–6. //doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.03.033.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Ishida H, Noriki S. Novel detection technique of dermatophytes: tube method. J Dermatol. 2019; //doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15037. [Epub ahead of print].
Elewski BE. Diagnostic techniques for confirming onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35[3 Pt 2]:S6–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pihet M, Clement N, Kauffmann-Lacroix C, Nail-Billaud S, Marot A, Pilon F, et al. Diagnosis of dermatophytosis: an evaluation of direct examination using MycetColor® and MycetFluo®. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;83[2]:170–4. //doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.06.022.
Panasiti V, Borroni RG, Devirgiliis V, Rossi M, Fabbrizio L, Masciangelo R, et al. Comparison of diagnostic methods in the diagnosis of dermatomycoses and onychomycoses. Mycoses. 2006;49[1]:26–9. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2005.01185.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Robert R, Pihet M. Conventional methods for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia. 2008;166[5–6]:295–306. //doi.org/10.1007/s11046-008-9106-3.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Slifkin M, Cumbie R. Congo red as a fluorochrome for the rapid detection of fungi. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26[5]:827–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prakash R, Prashanth HV, Ragunatha S, Kapoor M, Anitha TK, Krishnamurthy V. Comparative study of efficacy, rapidity of detection, and cost-effectiveness of potassium hydroxide, calcofluor white, and Chicago sky blue stains in the diagnosis of dermatophytoses. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55[4]:e172–5. //doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13037. CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Hamer EC, Moore CB, Denning DW. Comparison of two fluorescent whiteners, Calcofluor and Blankophor, for the detection of fungal elements in clinical specimens in the diagnostic laboratory. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12[2]:181–4. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01321.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Abdelrahman T, Letscher-Bru V, Waller J, Noacco G, Candolfi E. Dermatomycoses : comparaison des performances du Calcofluor et de la potasse à 30% pour l’examen direct des squames et des ongles. J Mycol Med. 2006;16:87–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovren E, Berglund L, Nordlind K, Rollman O. Dermatophytosis: fluorostaining enhances speed and sensitivity in direct microscopy of skin, nail and hair specimens from dermatology outpatients. Mycoses. 2016;59[7]:436–41. //doi.org/10.1111/myc.12491.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Velasquez-Agudelo V, Cardona-Arias JA. Meta-analysis of the utility of culture, biopsy, and direct KOH examination for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17[1]:166. //doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2258-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
Karaman BFO, Acikalin A, Unal I, Aksungur VL. Diagnostic values of KOH examination, histological examination, and culture for onychomycosis: a latent class analysis. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58[3]:319–24. //doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14255.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Piérard GE, Arrese JE, Pierre S, Bertrand C, Corcuff P, Leveque JL, et al. Microscopic diagnosis of onychomycoses. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1994;121[1]:25–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Suarez SM, Silvers DN, Scher RK, Pearlstein HH, Auerbach R. Histologic evaluation of nail clippings for diagnosing onychomycosis. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127[10]:1517–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
English MP. Nails and fungi. Br J Dermatol. 1976;94[6]:697–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noriki S, Ishida H. Production of an anti-dermatophyte monoclonal antibody and its application: immunochromatographic detection of dermatophytes. Med Mycol. 2016;54[8]:808–15. //doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myw037.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
Lachaud L, Sasso M, Rispail P, Bourgeois N. Biological diagnosis of onychomycoses. Direct examination after simplified technique of PAS staining. J Mycol Méd. 2014;24[4]:279–86. //doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.10.007.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Blake N, Zhu J, Hernandez G, Juliano PJ. A retrospective review of diagnostic testing for onychomycosis of the foot. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2015;105[6]:503–8. //doi.org/10.7547/14-063.1.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Lousbergh D, Buntinx F, Piérard GE. Diagnosing dermatomycosis in general practice. Fam Pract. 1999;16[6]:611–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
L’Ollivier C, Ranque S. MALDI-TOF-based dermatophyte identification. Mycopathologia. 2017;182[1–2]:183–92. //doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0080-x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Brun S, Bouchara JP, Bocquel A, Basile AM, Contet-Audonneau N, Chabasse D. Evaluation of five commercial Sabouraud gentamicin-chloramphenicol agar media. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20[10]:718–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitzman I, Summerbell RC. The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8[2]:240–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezusta A, de la Fuente S, Gilaberte Y, Vidal-Garcia M, Alcala L, Lopez-Calleja A, et al. Evaluation of incubation time for dermatophytes cultures. Mycoses. 2016;59[7]:416–8. //doi.org/10.1111/myc.12484.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Taplin D, Zaias N, Rebell G, Blank H. Isolation and recognition of dermatophytes on a new medium [DTM]. Arch Dermatol. 1969;99[2]:203–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salkin IF, Padhye AA, Kemna ME. A new medium for the presumptive identification of dermatophytes. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35[10]:2660–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gromadzki S, Ramani R, Chaturvedi V. Evaluation of new medium for identification of dermatophytes and primary dimorphic pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41[1]:467–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pariser D, Opper C. An in-office diagnostic procedure to detect dermatophytes in a nationwide study of onychomycosis patients. Manage Care. 2002;11[3]:43–8, 50.Google Scholar
Scherer WP, Kinmon K. Dermatophyte test medium culture versus mycology laboratory analysis for suspected onychomycosis. A study of 100 cases in a geriatric population. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2000;90[9]:450–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumral R, Dogen A, Ilkit MM. Comparison of the contamination rates of culture media used for isolation and identification of dermatophytes. Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45[3]:587–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shadomy HJ, Philpot CM. Utilization of standard laboratory methods in the laboratory diagnosis of problem dermatophytes. Am J Clin Pathol. 1980;74[2]:197–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Hoog GS, Dukik K, Monod M, Packeu A, Stubbe D, Hendrickx M, et al. Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes. Mycopathologia. 2017;182[1–2]:5–31. //doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0073-9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Pihet M, Le Govic Y. Reappraisal of conventional diagnosis for dermatophytes. Mycopathologia. 2017;182[1–2]:169–80. //doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0071-y.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Bastert J, Korting HC. Diagnostic methods for species-specific differentiation of various dermatophytes. Possibilities and limitations. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1998;123[16]:499–503. //doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024001. CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Verscheure M, Gofflot S, Beguin H, Marlier M, Belot JL, Nolard N, et al. Evaluation of volatile metabolites as taxonomic tool for identification of dermatophytes. Mycoses. 2002;45[Suppl 2]:67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassagne C, Normand AC, L’Ollivier C, Ranque S, Piarroux R. Performance of MALDI-TOF MS platforms for fungal identification. Mycoses. 2016;59[11]:678–90. //doi.org/10.1111/myc.12506.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Hollemeyer K, Jager S, Altmeyer W, Heinzle E. Proteolytic peptide patterns as indicators for fungal infections and nonfungal affections of human nails measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem. 2005;338[2]:326–31. //doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.12.019.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Verrier J, Monod M. Diagnosis of dermatophytosis using molecular biology. Mycopathologia. 2017;182[1–2]:193–202. //doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0038-z.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Tsunemi Y, Hiruma M. Clinical study of Dermatophyte Test Strip, an immunochromatographic method, to detect tinea unguium dermatophytes. J Dermatol. 2016;43[12]:1417–23. //doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13348.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Arca E, Saracli MA, Akar A, Yildiran ST, Kurumlu Z, Gur AR. Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Eur J Dermatol. 2004;14[1]:52–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Kardjeva V, Summerbell R, Kantardjiev T, Devliotou-Panagiotidou D, Sotiriou E, Graser Y. Forty-eight-hour diagnosis of onychomycosis with subtyping of Trichophyton rubrum strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44[4]:1419–27. //doi.org/10.1128/JCM.44.4.1419-1427.2006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
Arabatzis M, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE, Kuijper EJ, de Hoog GS, Lavrijsen AP, Templeton K, et al. Diagnosis of common dermatophyte infections by a novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction detection/identification scheme. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157[4]:681–9. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08100.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Garg J, Tilak R, Singh S, Gulati AK, Garg A, Prakash P, et al. Evaluation of pan-dermatophyte nested PCR in diagnosis of onychomycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45[10]:3443–5. //doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02367-06.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
Gupta AK, Zaman M, Singh J. Fast and sensitive detection of Trichophyton rubrum DNA from the nail samples of patients with onychomycosis by a double-round polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157[4]:698–703. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08110.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Bontems O, Hauser PM, Monod M. Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for dermatophyte and nondermatophyte identification in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161[4]:791–6. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09291.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Kondori N, Abrahamsson AL, Ataollahy N, Wenneras C. Comparison of a new commercial test, Dermatophyte-PCR kit, with conventional methods for rapid detection and identification of Trichophyton rubrum in nail specimens. Med Mycol. 2010;48[7]:1005–8. //doi.org/10.3109/13693781003743130.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Litz CE, Cavagnolo RZ. Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of onychomycosis: a large, single-institute study. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163[3]:511–4. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09852.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Beifuss B, Bezold G, Gottlober P, Borelli C, Wagener J, Schaller M, et al. Direct detection of five common dermatophyte species in clinical samples using a rapid and sensitive 24-h PCR-ELISA technique open to protocol transfer. Mycoses. 2011;54[2]:137–45. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01771.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Li HC, Bouchara JP, Hsu MM, Barton R, Chang TC. Identification of dermatophytes by an oligonucleotide array. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45[10]:3160–6. //doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00829-07.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
Luk NM, Hui M, Cheng TS, Tang LS, Ho KM. Evaluation of PCR for the diagnosis of dermatophytes in nail specimens from patients with suspected onychomycosis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2012;37[3]:230–4. //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04258.x.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Chandran NS, Pan JY, Pramono ZA, Tan HH, Seow CS. Complementary role of a polymerase chain reaction test in the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Australas J Dermatol. 2013;54[2]:105–8. //doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12027.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Dhib I, Fathallah A, Yaacoub A, Hadj Slama F, Said MB, Zemni R. Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of common dermatophyte nail infections. Mycoses. 2014;57[1]:19–26. //doi.org/10.1111/myc.12096.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Mehlig L, Garve C, Ritschel A, Zeiler A, Brabetz W, Weber C, et al. Clinical evaluation of a novel commercial multiplex-based PCR diagnostic test for differential diagnosis of dermatomycoses. Mycoses. 2014;57[1]:27–34. //doi.org/10.1111/myc.12097.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Wlodek C, Trickey A, de Berker D, Johnson EM. Trends in laboratory-diagnosed onychomycosis between 2006 - 2014 in the south west of England. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176[1]:237–40. //doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14804.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Nakashima T, Nozawa A, Ito T, Majima T, Yamaguchi H. Development of a new medium useful for the recovery of dermatophytes from clinical specimens by minimizing the carryover effect of antifungal agents. Microbiol Immunol. 2002;46[2]:83–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adachi M, Watanabe S. Evaluation of combined deactivators-supplemented agar medium [CDSAM] for recovery of dermatophytes from patients with tinea pedis. Med Mycol. 2007;45[4]:347–9. //doi.org/10.1080/13693780601186531.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Gugnani HC, Oyeka CA. Foot infections due to Hendersonula toruloidea and Scytalidium hyalinum in coal miners. J Med Vet Mycol. 1989;27[3]:167–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summerbell RC. Epidemiology and ecology of onychomycosis. Dermatology. 1997;194[Suppl 1]:32–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meireles TE, Rocha MF, Brilhante RS, Cordeiro Rde A, Sidrim JJ. Successive mycological nail tests for onychomycosis: a strategy to improve diagnosis efficiency. Braz J Infect Dis. 2008;12[4]:333–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021