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Table of Contents
AI, ML, and Data Science dominate many fields and industries today - all of them make heavy use of the Python programming language in some way or another.
Becoming a master in Python can open many doors in your career and land in some of the best opportunities across the planet. No matter wherever you rate yourself in the Python skill, working on Python projects is a surefire way to boost your skills and build up your profile. While Python books and Python tutorials are helpful, nothing beats getting your hands dirty with actual coding.
We list several Python projects for beginners for you to challenge yourself and get better at Python coding.
Top 10 Python Project Ideas for Beginners
1. Mad Libs Generator
This Python beginner project is a good start for beginners as it makes use of strings, variables, and concatenation. The Mad Libs Generator manipulates input data, which could be anything: an adjective, a pronoun, or verb. After taking in the input, the program takes the data and arranges it to build a story. This is a very cool Python project to try out if you’re new to coding.
Sample Code:
""" Mad Libs Generator
----------------------------------------
"""
#Loop back to this point once code finishes
loop = 1
while [loop < 10]:
# All the questions that the program asks the user
noun = input["Choose a noun: "]
p_noun = input["Choose a plural noun: "]
noun2 = input["Choose a noun: "]
place = input["Name a place: "]
adjective = input["Choose an adjective [Describing word]: "]
noun3 = input["Choose a noun: "]
#Displays the story based on the users input
print ["------------------------------------------"]
print ["Be kind to your",noun,"- footed", p_noun]
print ["For a duck may be somebody's", noun2,","]
print ["Be kind to your",p_noun,"in",place]
print ["Where the weather is always",adjective,"."]
print []
print ["You may think that is this the",noun3,","]
print ["Well it is."]
print ["------------------------------------------"]
# Loop back to "loop = 1"
loop = loop + 12. Number Guessing
This project is a fun game that generates a random number in a certain specified range and the user must guess the number after receiving hints. Every time a user’s guess is wrong they are prompted with more hints to make it easier — at the cost of reducing the score.
The program also requires functions to check if an actual number is entered by the user, and finds the difference between the two numbers.
Sample Code:
""" Number Guessing Game
----------------------------------------
"""
import random
attempts_list = []
def show_score[]:
if len[attempts_list] 10:
raise ValueError["Please guess a number within the given range"]
if int[guess] == random_number:
print["Nice! You got it!"]
attempts += 1
attempts_list.append[attempts]
print["It took you {} attempts".format[attempts]]
play_again = input["Would you like to play again? [Enter Yes/No] "]
attempts = 0
show_score[]
random_number = int[random.randint[1, 10]]
if play_again.lower[] == "no":
print["That's cool, have a good one!"]
break
elif int[guess] > random_number:
print["It's lower"]
attempts += 1
elif int[guess] < random_number:
print["It's higher"]
attempts += 1
except ValueError as err:
print["Oh no!, that is not a valid value. Try again..."]
print["[{}]".format[err]]
else:
print["That's cool, have a good one!"]
if __name__ == '__main__':
start_game[]3. Rock Paper Scissors
This rock paper scissors program uses a number of functions so this is a good way of getting that critical concept under your belt.
- Random function: to generate rock, paper, or scissors.
- Valid function: to check the validity of the move.
- Result function: to declare the winner of the round.
- Scorekeeper: to keep track of the score.
The program requires the user to make the first move before it makes a move. The input could be a string or an alphabet representing either rock, paper or scissors. After evaluating the input string, a winner is decided by the result function and the score of the round is updated by the scorekeeper function.
Sample Code:
""" Rock Paper Scissors
----------------------------------------
"""
import random
import os
import re
os.system['cls' if os.name=='nt' else 'clear']
while [1 < 2]:
print ["\n"]
print ["Rock, Paper, Scissors - Shoot!"]
userChoice = input["Choose your weapon [R]ock], [P]aper, or [S]cissors: "]
if not re.match["[SsRrPp]", userChoice]:
print ["Please choose a letter:"]
print ["[R]ock, [S]cissors or [P]aper."]
continue
# Echo the user's choice
print ["You chose: " + userChoice]
choices = ['R', 'P', 'S']
opponenetChoice = random.choice[choices]
print ["I chose: " + opponenetChoice]
if opponenetChoice == str.upper[userChoice]:
print ["Tie! "]
#if opponenetChoice == str["R"] and str.upper[userChoice] == "P"
elif opponenetChoice == 'R' and userChoice.upper[] == 'S':
print ["Scissors beats rock, I win! "]
continue
elif opponenetChoice == 'S' and userChoice.upper[] == 'P':
print ["Scissors beats paper! I win! "]
continue
elif opponenetChoice == 'P' and userChoice.upper[] == 'R':
print ["Paper beat rock, I win!"]
continue
else:
print ["You win!"]4. Dice Roll Generator
This dice roll generator is a fairly simple program that makes use of the random function to simulate dice rolls. You can change the maximum value to any number, making it possible to simulate polyhedral dice used in many board games and roleplaying games.
Sample Code:
import random
#Enter the minimum and maximum limits of the dice rolls below
min_val = 1
max_val = 6
#the variable that stores the user’s decision
roll_again = "yes"
#The dice roll loop if the user wants to continue
while roll_again == "yes" or roll_again == "y":
print["Dices rolling..."]
print["The values are :"]
#Printing the randomly generated variable of the first dice
print[random.randint[min_val, max_val]]
#Printing the randomly generated variable of the second dice
print[random.randint[min_val, max_val]]
#Here the user enters yes or y to continue and any other input ends the program
roll_again = input["Roll the Dices Again?"]5. Binary Search Algorithm
The binary search algorithm is a very important one, and requires you to create a list of numbers between 0 and an upper limit, with every succeeding number having a difference of 2 between them.
When the user inputs a random number to be searched the program begins its search by dividing the list into two halves. First, the first half is searched for the required number and if found, the other half is rejected and vice versa. The search continues until the number is found or the subarray size becomes zero.
Sample Code:
# Recursive Binary Search algorithm in Python
def binarySearch[array, x, low, high]:
if high >= low:
mid = low + [high - low]//2
# If found at mid, return the value
if array[mid] == x:
return mid
# Search the first half
elif array[mid] > x:
return binarySearch[array, x, low, mid-1]
# Search the second half
else:
return binarySearch[array, x, mid + 1, high]
else:
return -1
array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
x = int[input["Enter a number between 1 and 10:"]]
result = binarySearch[array, x, 0, len[array]-1]
if result != -1:
print["Element is present at position" + str[result]]
else:
print["Element not found"]6. Calculator
This project teaches you to design a graphical interface and is a good way to get familiar with a library like Tkinter. This library lets you create buttons to perform different operations and display results on the screen.
Sample Code:
# Calculator
def addition []:
print["Addition"]
n = float[input["Enter the number: "]]
t = 0 #Total number enter
ans = 0
while n != 0:
ans = ans + n
t+=1
n = float[input["Enter another number [0 to calculate]: "]]
return [ans,t]
def subtraction []:
print["Subtraction"];
n = float[input["Enter the number: "]]
t = 0 #Total number enter
sum = 0
while n != 0:
ans = ans - n
t+=1
n = float[input["Enter another number [0 to calculate]: "]]
return [ans,t]
def multiplication []:
print["Multiplication"]
n = float[input["Enter the number: "]]
t = 0 #Total number enter
ans = 1
while n != 0:
ans = ans * n
t+=1
n = float[input["Enter another number [0 to calculate]: "]]
return [ans,t]
def average[]:
an = []
an = addition[]
t = an[1]
a = an[0]
ans = a / t
return [ans,t]
# main...
while True:
list = []
print[" My first python program!"]
print[" Simple Calculator in python by Malik Umer Farooq"]
print[" Enter 'a' for addition"]
print[" Enter 's' for substraction"]
print[" Enter 'm' for multiplication"]
print[" Enter 'v' for average"]
print[" Enter 'q' for quit"]
c = input[" "]
if c != 'q':
if c == 'a':
list = addition[]
print["Ans = ", list[0], " total inputs ",list[1]]
elif c == 's':
list = subtraction[]
print["Ans = ", list[0], " total inputs ",list[1]]
elif c == 'm':
list = multiplication[]
print["Ans = ", list[0], " total inputs ",list[1]]
elif c == 'v':
list = average[]
print["Ans = ", list[0], " total inputs ",list[1]]
else:
print ["Sorry, invilid character"]
else:
break7. Alarm Clock
This Command Line Interface [CLI] Python application is a good step up for a beginner developer. More than just setting off an alarm, this program allows certain YouTube links to be added to a text file. When a user sets an alarm, the code picks a random video and starts playing it.
Sample Code:
""" Alarm Clock
----------------------------------------
"""
import datetime
import os
import time
import random
import webbrowser
# If video URL file does not exist, create one
if not os.path.isfile["youtube_alarm_videos.txt"]:
print['Creating "youtube_alarm_videos.txt"...']
with open["youtube_alarm_videos.txt", "w"] as alarm_file:
alarm_file.write["//www.youtube.com/watch?v=anM6uIZvx74"]
def check_alarm_input[alarm_time]:
"""Checks to see if the user has entered in a valid alarm time"""
if len[alarm_time] == 1: # [Hour] Format
if alarm_time[0] < 24 and alarm_time[0] >= 0:
return True
if len[alarm_time] == 2: # [Hour:Minute] Format
if alarm_time[0] < 24 and alarm_time[0] >= 0 and \
alarm_time[1] < 60 and alarm_time[1] >= 0:
return True
elif len[alarm_time] == 3: # [Hour:Minute:Second] Format
if alarm_time[0] < 24 and alarm_time[0] >= 0 and \
alarm_time[1] < 60 and alarm_time[1] >= 0 and \
alarm_time[2] < 60 and alarm_time[2] >= 0:
return True
return False
# Get user input for the alarm time
print["Set a time for the alarm [Ex. 06:30 or 18:30:00]"]
while True:
alarm_input = input[">> "]
try:
alarm_time = [int[n] for n in alarm_input.split[":"]]
if check_alarm_input[alarm_time]:
break
else:
raise ValueError
except ValueError:
print["ERROR: Enter time in HH:MM or HH:MM:SS format"]
# Convert the alarm time from [H:M] or [H:M:S] to seconds
seconds_hms = [3600, 60, 1] # Number of seconds in an Hour, Minute, and Second
alarm_seconds = sum[[a*b for a,b in zip[seconds_hms[:len[alarm_time]], alarm_time]]]
# Get the current time of day in seconds
now = datetime.datetime.now[]
current_time_seconds = sum[[a*b for a,b in zip[seconds_hms, [now.hour, now.minute, now.second]]]]
# Calculate the number of seconds until alarm goes off
time_diff_seconds = alarm_seconds - current_time_seconds
# If time difference is negative, set alarm for next day
if time_diff_seconds < 0:
time_diff_seconds += 86400 # number of seconds in a day
# Display the amount of time until the alarm goes off
print["Alarm set to go off in %s" % datetime.timedelta[seconds=time_diff_seconds]]
# Sleep until the alarm goes off
time.sleep[time_diff_seconds]
# Time for the alarm to go off
print["Wake Up!"]
# Load list of possible video URLs
with open["youtube_alarm_videos.txt", "r"] as alarm_file:
videos = alarm_file.readlines[]
# Open a random video from the list
webbrowser.open[random.choice[videos]]8. Tic-Tac-Toe
Tic-Tac-Toe is a two-player game that involves a nine-square grid. Each player marks their space with an O or an X alternately. The player who manages to mark three Os or Xs diagonally, horizontally, or vertically wins. Each player must block their opponent while attempting to make their chain. For this project, we use the Pygame Python library.
Sample Code:
""" Tic Tac Toe
----------------------------------------
"""
import random
import sys
board=[i for i in range[0,9]]
player, computer = '',''
# Corners, Center and Others, respectively
moves=[[1,7,3,9],[5,],[2,4,6,8]]
# Winner combinations
winners=[[0,1,2],[3,4,5],[6,7,8],[0,3,6],[1,4,7],[2,5,8],[0,4,8],[2,4,6]]
# Table
tab=range[1,10]
def print_board[]:
x=1
for i in board:
end = ' | '
if x%3 == 0:
end = ' \n'
if i != 1: end+='---------\n';
char=' '
if i in ['X','O']: char=i;
x+=1
print[char,end=end]
def select_char[]:
chars=['X','O']
if random.randint[0,1] == 0:
return chars[::-1]
return chars
def can_move[brd, player, move]:
if move in tab and brd[move-1] == move-1:
return True
return False
def can_win[brd, player, move]:
places=[]
x=0
for i in brd:
if i == player: places.append[x];
x+=1
win=True
for tup in winners:
win=True
for ix in tup:
if brd[ix] != player:
win=False
break
if win == True:
break
return win
def make_move[brd, player, move, undo=False]:
if can_move[brd, player, move]:
brd[move-1] = player
win=can_win[brd, player, move]
if undo:
brd[move-1] = move-1
return [True, win]
return [False, False]
# AI goes here
def computer_move[]:
move=-1
# If I can win, others do not matter.
for i in range[1,10]:
if make_move[board, computer, i, True][1]:
move=i
break
if move == -1:
# If player can win, block him.
for i in range[1,10]:
if make_move[board, player, i, True][1]:
move=i
break
if move == -1:
# Otherwise, try to take one of desired places.
for tup in moves:
for mv in tup:
if move == -1 and can_move[board, computer, mv]:
move=mv
break
return make_move[board, computer, move]
def space_exist[]:
return board.count['X'] + board.count['O'] != 9
player, computer = select_char[]
print['Player is [%s] and computer is [%s]' % [player, computer]]
result='%%% Deuce ! %%%'
while space_exist[]:
print_board[]
print['#Make your move ! [1-9] : ', end='']
move = int[input[]]
moved, won = make_move[board, player, move]
if not moved:
print[' >> Invalid number ! Try again !']
continue
if won:
result='*** Congratulations ! You won ! ***'
break
elif computer_move[][1]:
result='=== You lose ! =='
break;
print_board[]
print[result]9. Countdown Timer
This countdown timer program takes in the number of seconds as input, and countdowns second by second until it displays a message. It implements the time module, which is worth knowing about and a fairly easy module to make of.
Sample Code:
import time
# The countdown function is defined below
def countdown[t]:
while t:
mins, secs = divmod[t, 60]
timer = '{:02d}:{:02d}'.format[mins, secs]
print[timer, end="\r"]
time.sleep[1]
t -= 1
print['Lift off!']
# Ask the user to enter the countdown period in seconds
t = input["Enter the time in seconds: "]
# function call
countdown[int[t]]10. Merge Sort
Sorting is an important concept to have in any programmer’s toolbelt, and merge sort is a particularly important one. While there are sorting functions like insertion sort, bubble sort and selection sort, merge sort is worth knowing because it is effective for sorting large amounts of data.
Sample Code:
def merge_sort[unsorted_list]:
if len[unsorted_list]