The relationship between schizoid personality disorder [SPD] and avoidant personality disorder [AvPD] has been a subject of controversy for decades.[1][2]
Today it is still unclear and remains to be seen if these two personality disorders are genuinely distinct, but overlapping, personality disorders, or if they are merely two different phenotypic expressions of the same underlying disorder. Both have been associated with a shared genetic risk factor and the same polymorphism within the ANKK1 gene.[3][4] There is also some evidence that AvPD [like SPD] is a personality disorder of the schizophrenia spectrum.[5]
Originally, schizoid personality disorder involved social avoidance combined with marked ambivalence regarding the desirability of social contact. It included indifference or even cold disdain oscillating with longing for normal relationships. Through the efforts of Theodore Millon, this complex idea was later divided across two disorders with the emergence of a separate AvPD construct and the idea of ambivalence was lost.[6]
According to the differential diagnosis guidelines provided in the text of the DSM-IV the two conditions are distinguished by the extent to which the individual desires social contact versus being indifferent to it. But such distinctions are often difficult to apply in practice, as patients often have unclear, marginal, or shifting status on those elements thought most crucial for differential diagnosis. In the case of the avoidant and schizoid PDs, however, both the problem and its solution may be more academic than real. First, research indicates that all of the avoidant symptoms except social withdrawal correlate negatively with the schizoid symptom list and that differential diagnosis is not difficult.[7] Second, as pointed out by Benjamin [1993], schizoid PD is exceedingly rare and the diagnostic quandary may never occur in practice.[6]
However, new research shows that both PDs are linked to hypersensitivity.[8]
See also[edit]
- Counterdependency
References[edit]
- ^ Livesley WJ, West M [1986]. "The DSM-III distinction between schizoid and avoidant personality disorders". Can J Psychiatry. 31 [1]: 59–62. doi:10.1177/070674378603100112. PMID 3948107.
- ^ Winarick, Daniel J.; Bornstein, Robert F. [2015]. "Toward resolution of a longstanding controversy in personality disorder diagnosis: Contrasting correlates of schizoid and avoidant traits". Personality and Individual Differences. 79: 25–29. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.026. ISSN 0191-8869.
- ^ Kendler, Kenneth S. [2010]. "The Structure of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for DSM-IV Personality Disorders". Archives of General Psychiatry. 65 [12]: 1438–1446. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1438. PMC 2844885. PMID 19047531.
- ^ Blum K, Braverman ER, Wu S, et al. [1997]. "Association of polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor [DRD2], and dopamine transporter [DAT1] genes with schizoid/avoidant behaviors [SAB]". Molecular Psychiatry. 2 [3]: 239–46. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000261. PMID 9152988. Archived [PDF] from the original on 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
- ^ David L. Fogelson; Keith Nuechterlein [2007]. "Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders". Schizophrenia Research. 91 [1–3]: 192–199. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1019.5817. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.023. PMC 1904485. PMID 17306508.
- ^ a b Alden, Lynn E.; Laposa, Judith M. [2002]. "Avoidant Personality Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions". Journal of Personality Disorders. 16 [1]: 1–29. doi:10.1521/pedi.16.1.1.22558. PMID 11881158.
- ^ Trull, Timothy J.; Widiger, Thomas A.; Frances, Allen [June 1987]. "Covariation of criteria sets for avoidant, schizoid, and dependent personality disorders". American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 [6]: 767–771. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.6.767.
- ^ Daniel Winarick: [1]. Psychology Today, Jan. 2017.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Have you ever felt reluctant to partake in novel activities and meeting strangers?
That you are inadequate and inferior to others?
Or that people are secretly criticising and making fun of you?
People
with Avoidant Personality Disorder experience all of these regularly and intensely.
[Recall: maladaptive traits found in personality disorders are stable and pervasive]
This often causes them to avoid social interaction, goal-directed activities, and intimate relationships. Unless, of course, they are certain that they would be liked by the other party. It is thus not hard to imagine how these can easily translate into impairments in the interpersonal and occupational domains.
Avoidant Personality Disorder is NOT Social Anxiety Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder is often confused with Social Anxiety Disorder as both conditions involve social behaviour [or lack thereof]. However, important distinctions exist between them. People with Avoidant Personality Disorder often experience anxiety in all areas of life, leading to higher levels of dysfunction, lower levels of sociability, and more consistent feelings of low self-esteem. In contrast, people with Social Anxiety Disorder may only experience anxiety in specific situations, such as public speaking. Nevertheless, it is also common for the two conditions to occur simultaneously.
Avoidant Personality Disorder is NOT Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder is another condition that may appear similar to Avoidant Personality Disorder. Both involve limited social skills and impaired social relationships. However, while people with Schizoid Personality Disorder are totally cool with keeping to themselves, people with Avoidant Personality Disorder do not at all enjoy being socially isolated. Instead, they crave interpersonal connection and experience significant distress as a result.
Born a Loner?
As with almost every other condition, Avoidant Personality Disorder can be attributed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Sensitivity towards loneliness could partially be genetically based, with children having shy and anxious dispositions more likely to develop avoidant personality traits. This is especially true if they are raised by punitive or neglectful parents.
Treatment
Evidence for effective treatment remain lacking with inconclusive research in the treatment of Avoidant Personality Disorderto date [no thanks to the high co‐occurrence rate between Avoidant Personality Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder]. Surprisingly, treatment for Cluster C Personality Disorders [which includes Avoidant Personality Disorder] appears more promising in spite of limited research. This might be attributed to the individual’s desire to develop stronger relationships, resulting in higher motivation to commit to treatment plans.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy has been shown to be effective in treating Avoidant Personality Disorder. In addition, anti-depressants may sometimes help in treatment, just as they do for Social Anxiety Disorder.