PHẦN 4: TYPES OF PHRASES/ CLAUSES/ SENTENCES.
MỤC 1- TYPES OF PHRASES
Hai cách phân loại Phrases gồm:
+ Noun phrase / Adj phrase / Adv phrase.
+ The prepositional phrase / the participal phrase / the gerund phrase / the infinitive phrase.
1. NOUN PHRASE. Gồm 2 dạng: the gerund phrase [V-ing] & the infinitive phrase [to V].
Cách nhận biết: Trong một câu nếu không tìm thấy Chủ từ = Subject và nếu thấy Verb [V-ing or To Verb] làm Chủ từ thì >>> Noun pharase.
A. Noun phrase = The Infinitive Phrase.
+ Đối với cụm từ The Infinitive Phrase > Noun phrase, tức nó gồm: [1] Noun phrase, [2] Adj phrase, [3] Adv phrase.
+ As a noun to function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, complement of the subject or object, called a noun phrase:
- To swim in the ocean is fun. >> as the subject of verb [is]
- You need to work harder. >> as the object of a verb transitive [need]
- His wish was to become a doctor. >> as the subject complement.
+ Ngoài việc nhận diện Noun phrase trong trường hợp là The Infinitive Phrase thì cần chú ý đến cách sử dụng từ To >>> cần xem bài Verbs form về List động từ gắn với To.
B. Noun phrase = the Gerund Phrase [cụm danh động từ].
+ As a noun to function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, object of a preposition, complement of the subject or object, called a noun phrase:
- Bills getting sacked was a big surprise.
- He proposed setting up a committee.
- His bad habit is talking in class.
- Were looking forward to seeing you.
+ Tương tự cách nhận diện Gerund [v-ing]. Tuy nhiên trong ví dụ số 4 có thể nhầm lẫn bởi từ To nhưng xem xét 1 cách tổng quan thì ko thuộc các trường hợp Infinitive phrase. Cần thuộc list các từ sử dụng V-ing [Verbs form].
+ Chú ý: Đối với phương pháp 3 cách thành lập Chủ từ [Subject]:
Eg1: To ask means to answer / To live means to struggle
Eg2: Asking means answering. / Living means struggling.
ð Nhận xét: Trong văn viết thường sử dụng cân xứng để viết dạng Noun phrase. Tuy nhiên đối Infinitive phrase thường sử dụng mang ý nghĩa hành động khó thực hiện Ngược lại, Gerund phrase sử dụng ý nghĩa câu văn là hành động dễ dàng. Nên:
Eg1: To ask means to answer / To live means to struggle. >> to act so hard = Infinitive phrase
Eg2: Asking means answering / Living means struggling. >> to act so easily = Gerund phrase.
1. NOUN PHRASE. Gồm 2 dạng: the gerund phrase [V-ing] & the infinitive phrase [to V].
2. ADJECTIVE PHRASE.
Đối với cụm tính từ Adjective Phrase gồm: Hai dạng: [1]The participial phrase [Present participle & past participle], [2] Prepositional phrase.
A. The Present Participle [V-ing] = Adj Phrase.
+ As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase:
- The man coming towards us is an engineer. >> coming towards modify a The Man
- She listened to him practicing the piano. >> practicing the piano modify Him
- The boy eating a banana is my brother. >>> eating a banana modify The boy
+ 2 dấu hiệu nhận biết Adj phrase là The Present Participle: [1] Hình thức dạng V-ing [giống Greund phrase của Noun phrase]; [2] Vị trí của V-ing thường nằm sau Noun or Pronoun mà nó bổ nghĩa, [3] Nếu adj phrase đứng đầu câu thì sẽ bị ngăn dấu phẩy [,].
+ Thật ra đối các ví dụ trên của Adj phrase được rút gọn từ 1 Adj clause:
- The man, He is coming towards us, is an engineer.
- She listened to him, who is practicing the piano.
- The boy, he is eating a banana is my brother.
Phương pháp rút gọn trong câu, gồm 2 bước:
ð Bước 1: Xét chủ từ trong câu có đồng dạng ko ? Câu không được là câu Ghép [loại bỏ dạng Fansboy].
ð Bước 2: Nếu Verb = to be >> bỏ/ Nếu Verb thường được chia 2 trường hợp: [1] Câu active thêm V-ing, [2] Câu passive chuyển sang Verb participle hoặc V_ed.
Như vậy đối với adj phrase = Present participle thì thuộc dạng rút gọn câu active [V-ing].
B. Past Participle = Adj phrase.
+ Dấu hiệu nhận biết Past Participle là Adj phrase tương tự các bước như Present Participle. Tuy nhiên đổi V-ing = V_ed hoặc Verb past participle [V3].
+ As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase:
- Lessons learned easily are soon forgotten.
- Lessons They are learned easily are soon forgotten.
- Painted bright red, the bicycle looks new.
- The bicycle is painted bright red, it looks new.
- The boy sent to us is very lazy.
- The boy, he is sent to us, is very lazy.
+ Tương tự như Present Participle phrase [adj phrase] thì Past Participle phrase thuộc dạng rút gọn của câu passive.
C. Prepostional Phrase = Adj phrase
Chú ý: Đối với Prepostional Phrase gồm hai loại: [1] Adj phrase, [2] Adv phrase.
+ Dấu hiệu nhận biết Adj phrase dạng Prepostional phrase là: [in/with/of .] thường nằm vị trí ngay sau Noun hoặc Pronoun mà nó modify. Và thông thường trả lời câu hỏi WHICH ONE ?
+ As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase:
- The girl in the red dress is my cousin. >> Which the girl ? = The girl in the red dress
- Nobody likes a person with a bad temper. >> Which person ?
- Why ask me, of all the people here, to lead the team? >> Which I ?
1. NOUN PHRASE. Gồm 2 dạng: the gerund phrase [V-ing] & the infinitive phrase [to V].
2. ADJECTIVE PHRASE.
3. ADVERB PHRASE.
Đối với Adv phrase gồm: [1] Prepostional phrase, [2] Surbodinating Conjunction Present Pasticiple [V-ing], [3] [in order] to infinitive.
A. Prepositional phrase = Adv phrase.
+ As an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb, called an adverb phrase:
- The guests are coming at five oclock. >> at five oclock modify coming
- Our country is rich in minerals. >> in mineral modify Rich [adj]
- I hope you will work better in future. >> in future modify better [adv]
+ Phân biệt adv phrase và adj phrase:
Adv phrase
Adj phrase
+ modify Verb / Adj / another Adv
+ modify Noun / Pronoun
+ Adv phrase thường đứng sau những những loại từ mà nó modify.
+ Ngoài ra, cũng có thể đứng Noun / Pronoun:
Eg: To put my book on the table
+ Adj phrase chỉ đứng sau Noun / Pronoun mà nó modify.
Eg: The book on the table is mine.
+ Trả lời câu hỏi: How / When / Where ?
+ Trả lời câu hỏi: Which One ?
Công thức chung: Preposition + [modifier] + Noun/ Pronoun/ Greund / Clause
Eg: From my parents
Chú Ý Remember that a prepositional phrase willnevercontain the subject of a sentence.
+ Sometimes anounwithin the prepositional phrase seems the logicalsubjectof averb. Don't fall for that trick! You willneverfind a subject in a prepositional phrase. Look at this example:
Eg: Neitherof these cookbookscontains the recipe for Manhattan-style squid eyeball stew.
Cookbooks do indeed contain recipes. In this sentence, however,cookbooksis part of the prepositional phraseof these cookbooks.Neitherwhatever a neither isis the subject for the verbcontains.
Neitheris singular, so you need the singular form of the verb,contains. If youincorrectly identifiedcookbooksas the subject, you might writecontain, the plural form, and thus commit a subject-verb agreement error.
+ Some prepositionssuch asalong withandin addition toindicate "more to come." They will make you think that you have a plural subject when in fact you don't. Don't fall for that trick either! Read this example:
Eg: Tommy,along with the other students, breathed a sigh of relief when Mrs. Markham announced that she was postponing the due date for the research essay.
Logically, more than one student is happy with the news. But Tommy is the only subject of the verbbreathed. His classmates count in the real world, but in the sentence, they don't matter, locked as they are in the prepositional phrase.
B. [Sub Conjunction] Present Participle [V-ing] = Adv Phrase.
+ Đây được xem là hình thức rút gọn của An Adverb Clause dạng Subordinating Conjunctions. Đối với Adv Phrase của dạng Present Participle modify Verb, Adj và another Adv.
Eg: I shall do it when I have time.
>>> I shall do it having time.
+ Phân biệt 3 hình thức V-ing:
Gerund phrase = Noun phrase
The present participle phrase = Adj phrase
The present participle phrase [Sub conjunction] = adv phrase
As a noun to function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, object of a preposition, complement of the subject or object, called a noun phrase
As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase
As an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb, called an adverb phrase:
Vị trí phụ thuộc vào chức năng của gerund phrase mà nó đóng vai
Vị trí đặc biệt chỉ nằm sau và bổ nghĩa cho Noun và Pronoun
Vị trí thường nằm đầu và cuối câu. Nếu nằm đầu sẽ ngăn cách bằng dấu [,]
C. [In order] to infinitive,.. = Adv phrase.
+ As an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb, called an adverb phrase:
- He has gone to see his teacher. >> in oder to see his teacher modify [has gone]
- We are happy to hear of your success.>> modify adj [happy]
- He explained how best to cure malaria. >> modify adv [best]
+ Phân biệt 3 hình thức to infinitive:
The Infinive phrase = Noun phrase
The Infinive phrase = Adj phrase
The Infinive phrase = Adv phrase
As a noun to function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, complement of the subject or object, called a noun phrase:
Eg: To swim in the ocean is fun. >> as the subject of verb [is]
As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase:
He gave her permission to leave early. >> modify Noun [her permission]
Johns dream, to win a scholarship, has come true. >> modify Noun [Johns dream]
She was looking for someone to help her. >> modify pronoun [someone]
As an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb, called an adverb phrase:
He has gone to see his teacher. >> in oder to see his teacher modify Verb [has gone]
SPECIAL NOTES ON THE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
1. A participial phrase should be placed as close as possible to the word it modifies.
- I saw John sitting at my desk.
- Sitting at my desk, I saw John.
2. A participial phrase, besides modifying a noun or pronoun, can be used:
a]. As an equivalent of an independent clause, indicating an action performed at the same time or immediately before the action of the finite verb.
- Crowds stood outside the Palace, cheering the President.
- Opening the drawer, he took out a small wooden box.
- Somewhat confused, he wondered why they had laughed at him.
b]. As an equivalent of an adverb clause of time, cause, condition, manner, result, etc. A preposition or a conjunctive adverb may introduce a participial phrase in this use.
* Time - On hearing the news, she collapsed. [When she heard the news]
- After visiting Paris, I went on to Rome.
* Cause - Feeling hot and dusty, she took a bath. [Because she felt hot]
- Being young, he was easily led by bad people.
- Encouraged by my success, my brother decided to give up drinking.
- Having very little money, they found life hard and dull.
* Condition- Left in the sun, the cloth will lose all its color. [If the cloth is left in the sun.]
- Even a coward, driven into a corner, would fight.
* Manner - Open the packet by cutting along the dotted line.
- By keeping quiet, you might save yourself a lot of trouble.
* Result - He caught a cold through going out without a raincoat
- In saying this, he showed his ignorance of the problem.
* Concession - In spite of her poverty, shes always willing to help others.
- Despite the hard rain, they went on playing football.