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Terms in this set [116]
The official poverty line is adjusted annually for inflation and takes into account standard of living.
False
The official poverty measure probably underestimates the number of Americans in poverty.
True
Which individual, working as an economist with the Social Security Administration in 1974, developed a measure of poverty that would become the official federal standard?
Mollie Orshansky
Aid to Families with Dependent Children [AFDC] would be an example of [a]n . . .
All of the Above [Entitlement, Means-Tested, Public Assistance]
Using government statistics for 2008, we learn all of the following EXCEPT . . .
A high proportion of the poor are the elderly.
In 2007 the percentage of women earning poverty wages remained well below that for men.
False
Which of the following programs were initiated during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations?
All of the Above [Medicare, Medicaid, Food Stamps]
The proportion of people with household incomes under half the poverty level has climbed substantially since the . . .
Late 1970's.
Only a minority of the poor live in suburbs, small towns, and rural areas; the majority live in the central cities of metropolitan areas.
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors that may help us account for the current rate of poverty?
The increase in the number of poor immigrants
Many Americans experience poverty temporarily due to:
All of the Above [Loss of Job, Physical Injury, and Divorce].
President Lyndon Johnson identified his __________ as one of the top priorities of his administration.
War on Poverty
Divorce and unwed motherhood are no longer stigmatized as they once were.
True
The research of Ornati and Rainwater supported the idea that a minimum living standard is relative.
True
According to 2007 estimates, between 10 and 15 million Americans are poor.
False
By 2008 the poverty line for a family of four was about:
$22,000
The welfare reform of 1996 has been highly successful in reducing poverty.
False
By 2008 the poverty line for a family of four was about $19,000.
False
"Means-tested" public assistance programs are . . .
Only available to people with incomes below a specified threshold.
There are many more white poor than black or Hispanic poor.
True
Although intergenerational upward social mobility is still pretty common, it has slowed in the Age of Growing Inequality.
True
Members of the Working Class have high rates of political participation.
False
The political influence of this group has declined significantly as the good-producing industries of the economy, which typically had strong union membership, have contracted.
Working Class
According to Gilbert limited and erratic work histories, lack of skills, and incomplete education makes finding full-time employment difficult for members of this class.
Underclass
Since the early 1970s, wages have more or less stagnated and the distribution of wages has become increasingly unequal.
True
All of the following are true about the American Middle Class EXCEPT:
The Middle Class has a greater political impact than other classes.
Although the economic resources of the Capitalist Class enable them to operate within the world of politics in ways that reinforce their structural position, they are unable to operate in a similar fashion within the world of media.
False
The lower boundary of this class, defined by commitment to employment, is blurred by the tendency of some individuals to move back and forth across it.
Working Poor
The Gilbert model of the American class structure emphasizes . . .
Source of Income
The lifestyles of the Upper Middle Class are becoming increasingly normative for the whole of American society.
True
The poor are more likely to be over 65 and less likely to be under 18 than they were in 1960.
False
The ever-increasing purchasing power of this class is making it more influential, and their lifestyles are becoming increasingly normative for the whole of American society. Which of the following classes fits this description?
Upper-Middle Class
There has been an appreciable reduction in the poverty rate since the 1960s.
False
The __________ Class is defined by its dependence on income-producing wealth.
Capitalist
Which one of the following is NOT one of the six classes identified by Gilbert?
Lower Middle Class
The Gilbert model of the American class structure emphasizes amount of income.
False
The Working Poor are highly involved in the political process.
False
Which class can be distinguished from the Capitalist Class not only because they have lower incomes, but because the majority of their income is acquired through salaries and/or professional fees as opposed to income-generating wealth?
Upper-Middle Class
Together these two classes make up the majority of the American class structure.
Middle and Working Classes
The postindustrial economy tends toward occupational polarization.
True
Today's American labor movement is at its weakest points since __________.
The 1920's.
Marx's theory correctly predicted revolutionary activity in a number of advanced industrial countries.
False
During the Age of Shared Prosperity, labor played a more dynamic role in national politics than in the workplace.
True
Most members of the working-class in America tend to identify with the Republican Party.
False
The right to union representation in the U.S. was written into the law through the . . .
National Labor Relations Act
The Democratic Party has become increasingly attentive to the needs of organized labor in recent years.
False
The political power of organized labor has declined considerably as its lessening ability to mobilize a diminishing union vote has resulted in a[n] __________ less conscientious to its needs.
Democratic Party
Class, defined by occupation, has become less likely to be politically significant.
False
Although revolution is common, class struggle is rare.
False
Most members of the working-class in America tend to identify with the . . .
Democratic Party
Richard Centers' original [1946] studies of class identification only considered men.
True
The working class in contemporary America has a strong class consciousness.
False
The majority of Americans favor increased spending on schools, child care, Social Security and "aid to the poor."
True
Exit polling in the 2008 elections showed a strong relationship between income and party vote.
True
Class conflict is especially evident in which of the following two realms?
Electoral Politics and Labor Relations
People who recognize and articulate their class position are __________.
More likely to promote their class interests.
______________ has pointed out that "people do not experience their objective class position as a single clearly defined status."
Marx
Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
More liberal Democrats toward the middle and bottom of the class structure are more likely to be politically active.
The National Labor Relations Act is also known as the __________ Act.
Wagner
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors regarded by Marx as especially significant in the formation of class consciousness?
Improved Working Conditions
Centers' studies of class identification studied __________.
Men
Employers have played an instrumental role in suppressing union formation by exploiting differences of _______________________ among workers.
Race, Ethnicity, and Skill Level
Following World War II business leaders accepted the existence of organized labor, but they insisted on retaining the right to manage all but which of the following?
Contract Negotiations
During the period identified by Gilbert as the Age of Shared Prosperity, the labor movement became . . .
Both Unagressive and Satisfied
Organized labor in America has tended to focus on securing union recognition, economic security, and decent working condition, rather than fundamental changes in system.
True
The revolutions that Marx anticipated in industrializing agrarian states occurred as he had predicted.
False
Richard Centers was able to show that _____________ were affected by class identification.
Political Opinions
Two-year community colleges tend to draw their students from the _____________ of the income distribution.
Lower Half
Most Americans believe in "equality of opportunity" and "equality of results".
False
According the findings of the "High School and Beyond" study, ____________ and social class are strong, independent determinants of educational attainment.
Mental Ability
Which of the following would not be considered a "selective institution"?
University of South Dakota
The income gap between high school and college graduates has declined significantly in recent years.
False
Jencks annoyed some critics of his work because he called randomness "luck,"implying that the course of our lives is more arbitrary than we care to admit.
True
Education has an independent effect on individual's career success.
True
Most Americans believe that some inequality in society is acceptable.
True
Blau and Duncan found that . . .
All of the Above
Affirmative action at selective schools has mainly benefited middle to upper-middle class black students.
True
When measuring variance, the higher the percentage the stronger the relationship between variables.
True
Correlation is measured by a coefficient that ranges from 0.0 to 1.00. What correlation coefficient would demonstrate a perfect relationship between two variables?
1.00
The study of ________________ is complicated due to the frequency with which relevant variables are correlated.
Social Mobility
In studying the multivariate relationship between career success and failure, Blau and Duncan conceptualized two key aspects of the problem. These are:
Chains of Causation and Multiple Causal Pathways
Social class has been shown to influence . . .
All of the Above
Which of the following results was NOT found to be true in the "High School and Beyond" national study?
Mental ability and social class are weak determinants of educational attainment.
What two variables did Jencks and his colleagues add to the Blau and Duncan model?
Income and Son's IQ
The gap in college completion between high-status graduates and low-status graduates has decreased since the early 1970s.
False
Most Americans believe that the educational system in the U.S. is the great equalizer providing all with the opportunity to transcend whatever particular social class they were born into.
True
Jencks believed that the best way to address economic inequality in the United States is to improve the quality of bad schools.
False
Courts have ruled that no limit can be placed on the amount that candidates or their families can spend on their own campaigns.
True
Elite theories often focus on . . .
Specific institutional bases of power.
The elite perspective is primarily concerned about the identity of the rulers and the structure that creates them.
False
The "Establishment" faded away in part because recruitment to positions of power in business and government had become less open and meritocratic.
False
Even after the stock market boom of the 1990s, the great majority of American households owned no corporate stock or mutual fund shares.
True
The Business Roundtable consists of . . .
CEOs of approximately 200 of the largest corporations.
Which of the following is NOT a common behavior of members of the Upper Class social world?
Association with a broad number of social classes.
Mills' conception of the national power structure centered on the growing significance of three major interlocking institutions. These are . . .
The Modern Corporation, the Executive Branch of the Federal Government, and the Military Establishment.
According to Riesman in his book The Lonely Crowd, leadership is important to both initiate new ideas and to maintain the status quo.
False
Dahl questioned the extent to which Mills' power elite were a cohesive group with unitary interests.
True
In his book Who Rules America [2006], William Domhoff examines a particular elite group, the directors of major corporations.
True
__________ are organizations staffed with experts in various fields who produce research findings and policy recommendations.
Think Tanks
Which of the following was NOT a reason that the "Establishment" has faded away?
Fewer women, Jews, Catholics, and blacks were entering the elite.
Political Action Committees are organizations dedicated to formulating and disseminating broad proposals for national policy.
False
Focusing on the idea of __________, Dye noted that 7, 314 positions of elite power are held by only 5,778 individuals indicating that some members of the elite hold multiple positions, some as many as five.
Interlocking Directorates
A traditional division within the capitalist class, in terms its economic aspects, has been between the following two groups: __________ and __________.
National Capitalists and Local Capitalists
Registered __________ are created under the provisions of the campaign finance laws to regulate group political donations.
Political Action Committees
The pluralistic perspective denies that power is concentrated in one group; in democratic societies a plurality of interest groups vie for power.
True
Lerner, Nagai, and Rothman contend that there is a plurality of elites, not simply one core "power elite" like that suggested by Mills.
True
Recent research by Domhoff shows that the corporate community has been diversifying to include more . . .
Women and Racial and Ethnic minorities
Domhoff explained how group solidarity among the elite is maintained through all of the following EXCEPT __________.
Personal Distance
According to Max Weber, the rich tend to draw together into Upper-Class __________ with common lifestyles, values, and patterns of association.
Status Communities
Major charitable foundations are organizations staffed with experts in various fields who produce research findings and policy recommendations.
False
Gilbert compares the huge fortunes of the late 20 th century typically derived from the vastly expanded financial sector and enterprises related to information technology and the Internet to __________.
The fortunes made in the 19th century Gilded Age in manufacturing and related sectors.
The threat of the loss of business confidence is an indirect veto over government policy.
True
Power is defined as the potential of individuals or groups to carry out their will even over the opposition of others.
True
Mills suggested two ways in which the three distinct elites might be melded into one single, internally cohesive power elite. These are . . .
Social-Psychological Mechanisms and Structural Mechanisms.
Many House and Senate elections are really no contest at all because the incumbent has many more times the campaign funds than the challenger.
True
Labor contributions to national campaigns far exceed business contributions.
False
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