What ethical principles apply when we propose and conduct research with animals quizlet?

-In studies where specific processes, either cellular or molecular, are to be observed or used in isolation, replacement alternatives such as cell, tissue, organ, or bacterial cultures can be excellent options.
-Some of the variability factors that complicate intact animal research are reduced when cell cultures, bacteria, etc., are used such as light, sound, etc.
-If the alternative is a video or a computer program, there may still be the need to use a small number of animals to produce the video or develop the program.

-refinement has its greatest impact in the reduction of pain and distress in animals.
-Appropriate use of anesthetics, analgesics, and other therapeutic measures are very important refinement measures in invasive studies.
-The refinement of husbandry, particularly by increasing the complexity of social and physical environments, has improved the well-being of research animals.
-The refinement of techniques also plays a significant role in both the reduction and replacement of animals in science, as refined techniques can result in less variability and improve experimental outcomes. For example, the introduction of new and safer anesthetic agents, together with better training of investigators in their use, has reduced the number of anesthetic deaths.

1) Husbandry
-In the past, research animals were often singly housed in cages or pens that provided very little substrate or space for normal behavioural activities. Most research animals are social and isolation is stressful for them.
-to solve this, most animals may be kept in social groups in complex environments that allow them to behave in a normal manner

-The retro-orbital sinus of some small species (particularly rodents) was a convenient site from which to collect fairly large samples of blood. The procedure had risks (e.g., the eye could be damaged, especially if samples were taken repeatedly) and was painful.
-alternatives include blood sampling from tail vein, saphenous vein, and jugular vein.

1) Experiments that cause severe suffering or death
-For studies involving vaccine testing, infectious diseases, tumours, organ rejection, etc., the endpoint for the animal may in the past have been death from the disease
-alternative: when an experiment is expected to cause severe suffering or the death of an animal, endpoints should be established to limit the extent of the suffering and to anticipate death.

2) Toxicity Testing
-The LD50 test was required by regulatory agencies as an assessment of toxicity of new compounds.
-Fewer animals and earlier endpoints are part of the refinements. The LD50 test (TG 401) has now been withdrawn and regulatory agencies from the OECD-member countries are required to accept data generated using one of the three alternative guidelines.

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What are the three safeguards to ensure that animal research is conducted ethically quizlet?

When conducting animal research which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?

Which of the following has been used as a Defence of animal research by animal researchers?

Which is an example of reduction in research with nonhuman animals quizlet?