What model shows that people are both senders and receivers of messages simultaneously?

The transactional model of communication refers to the continuous exchange of information where both the sender and receiver are involved in the process and take turns to communicate messages.  The participants are known as communicators and can be either human beings or machines. The communication process of sending the message occurs at the same time and this is why this interaction model describes communication as a Circular model of communication. The transaction model is a two-way process and not a one-way linear model of communication like other models of communication.

The transactional model of communication is often used for interpersonal communication.  Here both the senders and receivers of messages must be active at the same time to keep the communication open. This is why transactional communication in the interaction model can’t occur in case the person who is receiving the message is unable to listen to what the sender has said. This interaction model encourages communicators to create relationships, engage in dialogues to create communities, shape self-concept and build intercultural alliances through the exchange of messages.

Factors affecting the Transactional Model

Various factors have both direct and indirect impacts on the transactional model of communication. This is because the rules and norms vary among different cultures and people and this can influence the communication process. The striking features of the transactional model of communication are that it generates social realities within cultural, relational, and social contexts. It includes the sender and receiver of messages and shows how communication models build communities, relationships, and realities.

Important factors affecting the Transactional Model are-

1. Social Context

It is a fact that society decides the way people can communicate with each other. The social context in the communication process is about the laws, values and norms etc. in a society that governs communication. It also refers to the rules and restrictions that every person has to follow and the ones that limit their ability to communicate as per their personal desire.

Some examples of stated social rules that we pick up automatically as we grow are to greet people with a smile, say thank you when you receive compliments or in gratitude, one should never lie, do not disrespect your elders, speak the truth, apologizing for a mistake and so on. It is parents, grandparents at home and teachers in school that try to instil the example of the social rule in students and children from an early age.

The same is the case with norms. These are unstated social agreements that people pick up through practice and observation. Trial and error method is also a useful way through which everyone can learn how to communicate effectively in the transaction model. Sometimes you might have received a strange look from others and this might have helped to realize your faux pas.

Let me give one example to highlight this point.  Rajat entered his office wearing informal clothes on the first day of his job. He received several strange looks that made him realize that something was wrong. He never again deviated from the office norm and saved himself from further embarrassment by gaining a better understanding. There is no formal punishment for breaking social norms but it does make the situation difficult and the person embarrassed.

The transaction model of communication state that social reality aids in communication process but it is a fact that communication also provides a distinct shape to social reality. The communication process within the models of communication is also about establishing relationships in a community.

2. Relational Context

The relational context in the communication process refers to the manners and previous relationship or interpersonal history.

Pre-established values and norms shape the manners of human beings. If two people meet then the interaction will be different if they are friends from the ones who are strangers. It becomes normal to be awkward with people who are not familiar whereas the process of communication becomes easier in case of established relational context. People are more likely to break or bend rules and social norms in these contexts when their understanding is better.

Type of relationship is also an important factor in deciding about the way one person will interact with another. If you have a formal or new relationship with someone then people give more effort, for instance, a new employee will try to figure and follow established norms and rules more diligently in his workplace then the employee who is working there for a long time and has already an understanding within the place and established a type of relationship.

3. Cultural Context

The cultural context in the communication process refers to the identity and lifestyle of people. It includes numerous aspects like class, nationality, gender, race, ability, sexual orientation and ethnicity. People from a similar cultural group can communicate in a better manner compared to people belonging to different groups.

Cultural identities can change the pattern of communication. Sidelining of cultural groups will make people unsure and the communication process will be hampered if the cultural groups have been marginalized for a long time. People with dominant identities are sure and secure and rarely think about the role their identity play in the process of communication.

It is a fact that people belonging to a specific cultural group show a tendency of closed mindset towards other cultural groups. The exchange, as well as response between sender and receiver, is affected by factors like mindset, social upbringing, cultural beliefs, moods, attitude and experiences.

It becomes important to have an open mindset about other cultural identities. It is practice and reflection that develop the skills to adapt to shifting cultural contexts.

Criticisms of Transactional Model

The criticisms that the transactional model of communication faces are as follows-

1. Misunderstandings

Feedback is a vital element in the interpersonal communication models as it provides an opportunity to clear any misconception or misunderstandings. Without a verbal response between a sender and receiver in the communication models, it will not be possible to determine whether the receiver of the information has received the message as intended

2. A lot of unnecessary noise

Communication is simultaneous in the transactional model of communication and this results in a lot of unnecessary noise.

Examples of the Transactional Model of Communication

Some transactional model of communication examples is given below to explain the concept in clear terms.

The transaction model of communication has senders and receivers of messages in an interchangeable role. To keep the communication alive you need both the communicators of the transaction model interdependent of each other. Suppose a person is sending a message to another person but he does not accept or replies back.  Thus if a receiver is not listening to the sender and encoding and decoding the message within the systems then it will not be a part of the transaction model of communication.

In the transaction models of communication reliability and efficiency of messages is dependent on the medium used. For example, in face-to-face communication, the message is perceived by a person differently compared to the message received over a phone call. In face interaction, the receiver can gain more information through non-verbal cues but that does not happen during a phone call.

The transactional model of communication includes the role of environment and contexts and also talks about encoding and decoding non-verbal communication and simultaneous feedback. Even everyday interactions are included in the models of communication. People living within a similar environment or sharing similar social systems are bound to communicate easily with each other compared to the people belonging to a different background.

References

Dean, B. (1970). “Transactional Model of Communication,” in Kenneth K. Sereno and C. David Mortensen, eds., Foundations of Communication Theory, New York: Harper and Row

Otis, B, & Sam, J. (1977). The transactional model of communication: Analysis journal of business communication, 14(4), 56-67.

Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts

Wilbur, S., & Donald F. (1971). The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press