What are the differences between frequency claims association claims and causal claims?
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3.How are causal claims special, compared with the other two claims?Because theyspecify the relationship with the two variables and imply you cannot have one without theother.4.What are the three criteria that causal claims must satisfy?First it must establishthat the two variables are correlated; the relationship cannot be zero. Second, it mustshow that the casual variable came first and the outcome variable came later. Third, itmust establish that no other explanations exist for the relationship.INTERROGATING THE THREE CLAIMS USING THE FOUR BIGVALIDITIES; PRIORITIZING VALIDITIES1.Which of the four big validities should you apply to a frequency claim? Anassociation claim? A causal claim?See chart.2.What question(s) would you ask to interrogate a study’s construct validity?3.In your own words, describe at least three things that statistical validity addresses.4.Define external validity, using the term generalize in your definition.5.What is internal validity? Why is it mostly relevant for causal claims?6.Why don’t researchers usually aim to achieve all four of the big validities at once? Show Three Claims, Four Validities - Chapter 3 Variables ●Variables vs. constants ○Measured or manipulated ○IMPORTANT: Dependent variables = measured, Independent variables = manipulated ○Constants are controlled ●From conceptual variable to operational definition ○Broad statement to specific measure Measured and Manipulated Variables ●Measured variables are observed and recorded. ●Manipulated variables are controlled. ○Some variables can only be measured, not manipulated. ○Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. From Conceptual Variable to Operational Definition ●Conceptual variables are common in psychology (anxiety; temperament). ●Operational definitions help define abstract concepts. Three Claims ●Frequency claims ●Association claims ●Causal claims ●Not all claims are based on research. Frequency Claims ● Frequency claims describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable. ● Frequency claims involve only ONE MEASURED VARIABLE. ●Example of Freq. Claim: 1 in 25 U.S teens attempt suicide. Association Claims ●Association claims argue that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable. ●Association claims involve at least TWO MEASURED VARIABLES. ●Variables that are associated are correlated. ●Example of Association Claim: Single people eat fewer vegetables. PSYCH 1000 WEEK 3 CLAIMS THAT HAVE EVIDENCE THREE CLAIMS A claim is the argument someone is trying to make. -Frequency Claims - describe a rate or degree of a single variable -Association Claims (types of associations) - 2 variables- claim the 2 are associated with each other. Even if there is no association between the 2 it still says it has an association -Causal Claims - state that 1 variable causes change in the other. One is the cause and the other variable is affected. Scientists are very careful about the words they use when making a claim. CASUAL CLAIMS - casual claim verbs tend to be used where an association claim verb should be used to make the article more powerful and direct. PRACTICE IDENTIFYING CLAIMS a.Indicate if the claim is frequency, association, or cause. b.For each claim, identify the variable(s). One variable - frequency c.For each variable, is it manipulated or measured?Imagine what would a study look like, would it be measured and only observe the variable or would it be manipulated with a variable being controlled by the researcher d.State each variable at the conceptual level. Variable - what do they want to measure and what they have actually measured e.State each variable in terms of its operational definition: How might it have been operationalized? ASSOCIATION CLAIM An association claim argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable. -Association claims must involve at least two variables, and the variables are measured not manipulated (one feature to help distinguish from a causal claim) -Both positive and negative associations can help us make predictions, if we know the level of the variable we can more accurately guess or predict the level of other variables. -In contrast, a Zero association cannot predictions as the variables aren’t correlated LANGUAGE USED ●Is linked to ●Is at a higher risk for ●Is associated with ●Is correlated with ●Prefers ●Are more/less likely to ●May predict ●Is tied to ●Goes with What is the difference between association and causal claims?Association should not be confused with causality; if X causes Y, then the two are associated (dependent). However, associations can arise between variables in the presence (i.e., X causes Y) and absence (i.e., they have a common cause) of a causal relationship, as we've seen in the context of Bayesian networks1.
What are the 3 types of claims in psychology?The three types of claims—frequency claims, association claims, and causal claims—make statements about variables or about relationships between variables. Therefore, learning some basics about variables comes first. Variables are the core unit of psychological research.
What are the three claims and four Validities?1. Differentiate the three types of claims: frequency, association, and causal. 2. Ask appropriate questions to help you interrogate each of the four big validities: construct validity, statistical validity, external validity, and internal validity.
What is a causal claim?A causal claim is any assertion that invokes causal relationships between variables, for example that a drug has a certain effect on preventing a disease.
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