Differentiate substitution from diffusion and give example for each
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Purpose: The aim of this paper is to examine the diffusion of a new surgical procedure with lower per-case cost and how its diffusion path is affected by the simultaneous introduction of a new drug class that may be an effective treatment to prevent surgery. In particular, we examine whether a process of technology substitution exists that influences the diffusion process of the surgical technology. Given their different cost implications, the interaction of these two different technologies, surgery and drug intervention, is relevant from the perspective of health expenditure. This is of particular interest in health care as technology adoption and diffusion has been cited as a major driver of expenditure growth. Such expenditure growth has been increasingly targeted through the use of market-orientated policy tools aimed at increasing efficiency. Our research is thus addressing the question of how economic incentives influence the diffusion process and we discuss the impact of a set of incentives on hospital behavior. Show
Design/methodology: Hospital admission data for the financial years 1998/1999 to 2007/2008 in England are used to empirically test the contribution of prescription uptake and market-oriented reforms. Dynamic panel data models are used to capture any changes in technology preference during the period of study. Findings: Our results suggest that the hospital sector exhibits a strong new technology preference, tempered by the interaction of competition for patients and the ability of the primary care sector to substitute treatments. Value/originality: Given the current fast technological change, we examine the technological race occurring in the health care sector. We account simultaneously for the diffusion of different technologies not only within the same typology but also with technologies of a different class. Abstract The long-wave phenomenon is described in terms of development trajectories which are driven by the diffusion of interrelated clusters of technological, organizational, and institutional innovations, and are punctuated by crises that emerge in the transition from an old saturating cluster to a new but yet uncertain development path. The approach is phenomenological, emphasizing in particular the diffusion and subsequent saturation of technoeconomic paradigms and development trajectories that have led to previous Kondratieff upswing phases. The analysis identifies discontinuities and cross-enhancing and clustering in the diffusion of pervasive technoeconomic systems, although the discontinuities between different clusters are not sharply focused, nor is the clustering phenomenon very rigid. Nevertheless, the beginning of pervasive diffusion processes and the onset of saturation is, to a large degree, correlated with the turning points identified in the long wave literature. Journal Information Review was founded in 1976 by Immanuel Wallerstein as the official journal of the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations. Richard E. Lee took over as editor in 2006 Review is committed to the pursuit of a perspective which recognizes the primacy of analyses of economies over long historical time and large space, the holism of the socio-historical process, and the transitory (heuristic) nature of theories. The journal addresses mainly a readership in the social sciences and the humanities, and this is an international readership extending to six continents. Review also edits special issues. These may be put together by a guest editor around a specific theme or publish the results of a research project. In general, articles are in English, but Review does sometimes publish articles in other scholarly languages. Publisher Information The Research Foundation for The State University of New York (RF) is the largest comprehensive university-connected research foundation in the country. It exists to serve the State University of New York (SUNY) by providing essential administrative services that enable SUNY faculty to focus their efforts on the education of students and the performance of life-changing research across a wide range of disciplines including medicine, engineeering, physical sciences, energy, computer science, and social sciences. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection.
Claude Shannon proposed the technique of confusion and diffusion for capturing the fundamental blocks of a cryptographic function rather than using a long and time-consuming method of statistics. Shannon was mainly worried about the prevention of the cryptanalysis with the help of statistical analysis. The reason behind it is as follows. Suppose the attacker has some understanding of the statistical characteristics of the plaintext. For instance, in a human understandable message, the frequency distribution of the alphabets can be known beforehand. In that case, the cryptanalysis is quite easy to conduct where the known statistics can be reflected in the ciphertext. This cryptanalysis can certainly deduce the key or some part of the key. That is the reason Shannon suggested two methods namely confusion and diffusion. Content: Confusion Vs Diffusion
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Definition of ConfusionConfusion is a cryptographic technique devised to increase the vagueness of the cipher text, in simple words the technique ensures that the cipher text gives no clue about the plaintext. In the given technique the relationship between the statistics of the cipher text and the value of the encryption key is maintained as complex as possible. Even though the attacker gets some control over the statistics of the ciphertext, he could not be able to deduce the key as the manner in which the key was used to produce that ciphertext is so complex. The confusion can be obtained by using substitution and complex scrambling algorithm that relies on key and the input (plaintext). Definition of DiffusionDiffusion is a cryptographic technique invented to increase the redundancy of the plain text to obscure the statistical structure of the plaintext to prevent attempts to deduce the key. In the diffusion, the statistical structure of the plaintext can vanish into long-range statistics of the ciphertext and the relationship between them is complex so that no one can deduce the original key. It is achieved by spreading out the individual plaintext digit over many cipher text digits, such as when a single bit of the plaintext is changed it must affect the whole cipher text or the change must occur on the entire cipher text. In block cipher the diffusion can be obtained by applying some permutation on the data with a function to the permutation, the outcome is that the bit from different positions in the original plaintext will contribute to a single bit of the ciphertext. The transformation in the block cipher depends upon the key.
ConclusionConfusion and diffusion both are the cryptographic techniques where in confusion the purpose is to make a relationship between the statistics of the ciphertext and the value of the encryption key as complicated as possible. On the other hand, diffusion tries to obscure the statistical structure of the plaintext through spreading out the affect of each individual plaintext digit over major part or ciphertext digits. What is confusion and diffusion in cryptography with example?Confusion is a cryptographic technique which is used to create faint cipher texts. While diffusion is used to create cryptic plain texts. 2. This technique is possible through substitution algorithm. While it is possible through transportation algorithm.
What is diffusion and confusion differentiate diffusion and confusion?Theory. In Shannon's original definitions, confusion refers to making the relationship between the ciphertext and the symmetric key as complex and involved as possible; diffusion refers to dissipating the statistical structure of plaintext over the bulk of ciphertext.
What is an example of technology diffusion?For example, a society may have adopted the internet faster than it adopted the automobile due to cost, accessibility, and familiarity with technological change.
What is diffusion in network security?Diffusion is an encryption process where the authority of one plaintext symbol is spread over some ciphertext symbols with the objective of hiding statistical properties of the plaintext. A simple diffusion element is the bit permutation, which can be used frequently within DES.
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