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Denzin and Lincoln (1994) provided a generic definition of qualitative research, that is, "Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalist approach to its subject matter." The 'multimethod in focus' is described as "the combination of multiple methods, empirical materials, perspectives and observers in a single study is best understood, then as a strategy that adds rigor, breadth, and depth to any investigation." (Flick, 1992). Nội dung chính
Creswell (1998) gave his definition of qualitative research focusing on the methodological nature, the complexity of the end product and its nature of the naturalistic inquiry:
Creswell (1998) categories five traditions of qualitative research:
Gall, Borg, and Gall (1996) defined qualitative research as the "inquiry that is grounded in the assumption that individuals construct social reality in the form of individuals construct social reality in the form of meanings and interpretations, and that these constructions tend to be transitory and situational. The dominant methodology is to discover these meanings and interpretations by studying cases intensively in natural settings an subjecting the resulting data to analytical induction." Generally speaking, qualitative research is oriented toward understanding of a natural world, and is highly interpretive in nature. The purpose of a qualitative research is not to verify a causal relationship by falsifying a no-relationship hypothesis. Instead, it recognizes the multifaceted interpretations of human experience, and the iterative relation within social and cultural systems. The focus of a qualitative research is on understanding how people make sense of their world with exploitation of different aspects and different expressions. It provides both the researchers and the participants with a discovering experience. What are the characteristics of qualitative research?
Ragin's (1987) comparative list of the characteristics of qualitative research had the following descriptions:
What are the rationales of doing a qualitative
research?
Denzin and Lincoln (1994, 2000) divided the history of qualitative research into five phases in the 20th century:
What are the criteria to judge the value of the research?
Concept of Triangulation
The issues for qualitative research are more about transferability, faithfulness, and dependability rather than reliability and validity. As a qualitative researcher, your job is to give thick descriptions so that readers are able to make decisions to see whether the results of the inquiry are transferable. The conceptual analysis must be faithfully derived from the data and be checked out against the consistency of different data sources. Moreover, because the meaning of communication depends on knowing the relevant context, and contexts are consciously designed to evoke multiple meanings (Dye, 1998), qualitative research must develop thorough and comprehensive descriptions of the context. With trustworthiness, it is important for researchers to pose the questions about neutrality: How can one establish the degree to which the findings of an inquiry are determined by the participants and conditions of the inquiry and not by the biases, motivations, interests or perspectives of the inquirer (Lincoln and Guba, 1985)? It does not mean that there must be exclusion of presuppositions. Rather, qualitative researchers need to recognize their thoughts as an inalienable factor that guides their interpretation. The recognition of the inevitability of subjectivity also yields the process of triangulation that utilizes the use of multiple sources, methods, investigators, and theories (Creswell, 1998, Lincoln and Guba, 1985; Patton, 1990) to ensure the credibility of the research." Patton (1990) advises that there are three issues that a credible qualitative study needs to address: References: Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five designs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Introduction: Entering the field of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln. (eds.). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gall, M. D., Borg, W. R., & Gall, J. P. (1996). Educational Research: An Introduction ( 6th ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E., G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 163-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods ( 2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Ragin, C. C. (1987). The comparative method: Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press. Rossman, R. B., & Ralllis, S. F. (1998). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Smith, P., & Ragan, T. J. (1999). Instructional Design. 2nd ed. John, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which of the following features of research is are associated with qualitative inquiring?Characteristics Of Qualitative Inquiry: Qualitative research focuses on the study of complex human and social problems in totality, unlike the scientific method of concentrating on the study of fragmented variables or situations or events. Which of the following are the characteristics of qualitative research methods?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNSwww.umsl.edu › ~lindquists › qualdsgnnull Which of the following characteristics is generally associated with quantitative research method?Its main characteristics are: The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability. Which of the following is associated with qualitative research?Rather than by logical and statistical procedures, qualitative researchers use multiple systems of inquiry for the study of human phenomena including biography, case study, historical analysis, discourse analysis, ethnography, grounded theory and phenomenology. |