Umwelt là gì
In the semiotic theories of Jakob von Uexküll and Thomas A. Sebeok, umwelt (plural: umwelten; from the German Umwelt meaning "environment" or "surroundings") is the "biological foundations that lie at the very center of the study of both communication and signification in the human [and non-human] animal".[1] The term is usually translated as "self-centered world".[2] Uexküll theorised that organisms can have different umwelten, even though they share the same environment. The term umwelt, together with companion terms Umgebung (an Umwelt as seen by another observer) and Innenwelt (the mapping of the self to the world of objects),[3] have special relevance for cognitive philosophers, roboticists and cyberneticians because they offer a potential solution to the conundrum of the infinite regress of the Cartesian Theater. Discussion[edit]Each functional component of an umwelt has a meaning that represents the organism's model of the world. These functional components correspond approximately to perceptual features,[4] as described by Anne Treisman. It is also the semiotic world of the organism, including all the meaningful aspects of the world for any particular organism. It can be water, food, shelter, potential threats or points of reference for navigation. An organism creates and reshapes its own umwelt when it interacts with the world. This is termed a 'functional circle'. The umwelt theory states that the mind and the world are inseparable because it is the mind that interprets the world for the organism. Because of the individuality and uniqueness of the history of every single organism, the umwelten of different organisms differ. When two umwelten interact, this creates a semiosphere.[5][6] As a term, umwelt also unites all the semiotic processes of an organism into a whole. Internally, an organism is the sum of its parts operating in functional circles and, to survive, all the parts must work cooperatively. This is termed the "collective umwelt" which models the organism as a centralised system from the cellular level upward. This requires the semiosis of any one part to be continuously connected to any other semiosis operating within the same organism. If anything disrupts this process, the organism will not operate efficiently. Uexküll's writings show a specific interest in the various worlds that he believed to exist ('conceptually') from the point of view of the umwelt of different creatures such as ticks, sea urchins, amoebae, jellyfish, and sea worms. The biosemiotic turn in Jakob von Uexküll's analysis occurs in his discussion of the animal's relationship with its environment. The umwelt is for him an environment-world which is, according to Agamben, "constituted by a more or less broad series of elements [called] 'carriers of significance' or 'marks' which are the only things that interest the animal". Agamben goes on to paraphrase Uexküll's example of the tick, saying:
Thus, for the tick, the umwelt is reduced to only three (biosemiotic) carriers of significance: (1) the odor of butyric acid, which emanates from the sebaceous follicles of all mammals; (2) the temperature of 37°C (corresponding to the blood of all mammals); and (3) the hairy topography of mammals. Critics[edit]Uexküll's application of the notion of "umwelt" to the human person has been contested. In "Welt und Umwelt" and "Die Wahrheit der Dinge", the philosopher and sociologist Josef Pieper argued that reason allows the human person to live in "Welt" (world) while plants and animals do indeed live in an Umwelt—a notion he traces back far beyond Uexküll to Plato, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas. Từ lâu chủ đề môi trường đã là một chủ đề không thể thiếu trong cuộc sống cũng như trong các bài thi B1, B2. Vậy hãy cùng GermanLab chúng mình chuẩn bị vốn từ cho chủ đề này một cách kĩ càng nhất nhé!
die Umwelt: môi trường das Klima: khí hậu das Wetter: thời tiết der Regen: cơn mưa der Sturm: cơn bão der Müll: rác die Mülltonne, -n: thùng rác der Behälter, –: thùng chứa die Menge: số lượng die Gesundheit: sức khỏe der Stoff, -e: chất der Schadstoff, -e: chất ô nhiễm der Kunststoff, -e: nhựa die Verpackung, -en: bao bì die Einwegverpackung, -en: bao bì dùng một lần die Mehrwegverpackung, -en: bao bì có thể tái sử dụng der Abfall, die Abfälle: chất thải das Plastik: nhựa die Tüte,- n: túi die Plastiktüte, -n: túi nhựa die Einwegflasche, -n: chai dùng 1 lần die Mehrwegflasche, -n: chai có thể tái sử dụng die Dose, -n: lon die Deponie, -n: bãi rác die Pflanze, -n: cây cối der Schutz: sự bảo vệ die Pflanzenschutzmittel: thuốc trừ sâu der Akku, -s: pin das Altpapier: giấy cũ der Umweltschutz: sự bảo vệ môi trường die Umweltbelastung: sự tác động đến môi trường die Verschmutzung: sự ô nhiễm das Gift,-e: chất độc der saure Regen: mưa axit
kaufen: mua kontaminieren: làm ô uế verbrauchen: tiêu thụ verwenden: sử dụng übrig bleiben: còn thừa wegschmeißen: ném đi verschmutzen: gây ô nhiễm entsorgen: vứt bỏ schaden: gây hư hại belasten: làm hại, gây ô nhiễm vermeiden: tránh verursachen: gây ra vergiften: gây độc hại schützen: bảo vệ sparen: tiết kiệm wegwerfen: vứt đi verwerten: tận dụng sorgen für: chăm lo sammeln: sưu tầm
schädlich: có hại gesundheitsschädlich: có hại cho sức khỏe verpackt: đóng gói verbraucht: tiêu thụ umweltfreundlich: thân thiện với môi trường umweltfeindlich: không thân thiện với môi trường umweltschädlich: có hại cho môi trường restlich: còn lại reparaturfreundlich: dễ sửa chữa wichtig: quan trọng sauber: sạch sẽ giftig: đọc hại
– die Umwelt verschmutzen = die Umwelt belasten: gây ô nhiễm môi trường – die Umwelt schützen: bảo vệ môi trường – für die Umwelt kämpfen: đấu tranh cho môi trường – umweltfreundlich leben: sống thân thiện với môi trường – die Menge des Hausmülls reduzieren: giảm lượng rác thải sinh hoạt – unnötigen Abfall vermeiden: tránh lãng phí không cần thiết – Müll im Haushalt sortieren/trennen: phân loại rác trong gia đình – frische, unverpackte Leben Đăng ký ngay chỉ với một vài bước đơn giảnBước 1 |