What are 4 examples of trade barriers?

Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. According to the theory of comparative advantage, trade barriers are detrimental to the world economy and decrease overall economic efficiency.

Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost (money, time, bureaucracy, quota) on trade that raises the price or availability of the traded products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results. Barriers take the form of tariffs (which impose a financial burden on imports) and non-tariff barriers to trade (which uses other overt and covert means to restrict imports and occasionally exports). In theory, free trade involves the removal of all such barriers, except perhaps those considered necessary for health or national security. In practice, however, even those countries promoting free trade heavily subsidize certain industries, such as agriculture and steel.

Overview[edit]

High-income countries tend to have less trade barriers than middle income countries which, in turn, tend to have less trade barriers than low income countries. Small states tend to have lower trade barriers than large states. The most common trade barriers are on agricultural goods. Textiles, apparel and footwear are the manufactured goods which are most commonly protected by trade barriers. Tariffs have been declining in the last twenty years as the influence of the World Trade Organization has grown, but states have increased their use of non-tariff barriers.

According to Chad Bown and Meredith Crowley, world trade is "probably" vastly more liberal in current times than was the case historically. According to Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, "for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries trade barriers and transport costs were the most important barriers to trade". They also write, "during the mercantilist era price gaps were as likely to be due to trade monopolies, pirates, and wars as to transport costs and tariffs, which are more easily quantifiable."

Georgetown University Professor Marc L. Busch and McGill University Professor Krzysztof J. Pelc note that modern trade deals are long and complex because they often tackle non-tariff barriers to trade, such as different standards and regulations, in addition to tariffs. Due to steadily decreasing tariff barriers since World War II, countries have become increasingly likely to enact trade barriers in forms other than tariffs. National firms often lobby their own governments to enact regulations that are designed to keep out foreign firms, and modern trade deals are one way to do away with such regulations.

The barriers can take many forms, including the following:

Impacts of trade barriers on business[edit]

Trade barriers are often criticized for the effect they have on the developing world. Because rich-countries are able to set trade policies, goods, such as crops that developing countries are best at producing, still face high barriers. Trade barriers such as tariffs on food imports or subsidies for farmers in developed economies lead to overproduction and dumping on world markets, thus lowering world prices to the disadvantage of farmers in developing economies who typically do not benefit from such subsidies. The Commitment to Development Index measures the effect that rich country trade policies actually have on the developing world.

Trade barriers are mostly a combination of conformity and per-shipment requirements requested abroad, and weak inspection or certification procedures at home. The impact of trade barriers on companies and countries is highly uneven. One particular study showed that small firms are most affected (over 50%).

Another negative aspect of trade barriers is that they result in a limited choice of products and would therefore force customers to pay higher prices and accept inferior quality.[]

Trade barriers obstruct free trade. Before exporting or importing to other countries, firstly, they must be aware of restrictions that the government imposes on the trade. Subsequently, they need to make sure that they are not violating the restrictions by checking related regulations on tax or duty, and finally they probably need a license in order to ensure a smooth export or import business and reduce the risk of penalty or violation. Sometimes the situation becomes even more complicated with the changing of policy and restrictions of a country.[vague]

Includes the barriers (tariff and non-tariff) that U.S. companies face when exporting to this country.

Last published date: 2022-08-11

Singapore maintains one of the most liberal trading regimes in the world, but U.S. companies face several trade barriers.  It maintains a tiered motorcycle operator licensing system based on engine displacement, which, along with a road tax based on engine size, adversely affects U.S. exports of large motorcycles.  There is also a tiered system of additional registration fees, which serves as a de facto additional tax thus discouraging larger capacity motorcycle imports.

Singapore also restricts the import and sale of non-medicinal chewing gum.  For social and/or environmental reasons, it levies high excise taxes on distilled spirits and wine, tobacco products, and motor vehicles.

Services barriers include sectors such as pay TV, audiovisual and media services, licensing of online news websites, legal services, banking, and cloud computing services for financial institutions.  Details can be found in the USTR Report on Foreign Trade Barriers that is available online.

As of April 1, 2019, the Singapore Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) restructured to form the Singapore Food Agency (SFA) and the Singapore Animal and Veterinary Service (AVS).  SFA is under the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment and oversees all food-related matters including food safety and security.  AVS is under the National Parks Board (NParks) and oversees all non-food related animal, plant, and wildlife management matters.  

The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) and the Singapore Animal and Veterinary Service (AVS) are the primary Singapore government agencies concerned with food and agricultural trade. SFA is under the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment and oversees all food-related matters including food safety and security.  AVS is under the National Parks Board (NParks) and oversees all non-food related animal, plant, and wildlife management matters. 

Although SFA largely follows internationally accepted, science-based regulatory standards, including OIE and Codex guidelines, the agency continues to implement a few stringent import protocols that negatively impact trade with the United States.  In particular, lack of approval of pathogen reduction treatments (PRTs) used in U.S. meat and poultry plants and time-consuming pathogen testing requirements can increase costs and pose trade barriers for some products.  For additional details on food and beverage import requirements, please refer to the Foreign Agricultural Service’s (FAS) Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards (FAIRS) report at https://gain.fas.usda.gov.

There are no restrictions on foreign ownership of business in Singapore, except for national security reasons and areas such as air transportation, public utilities, newspaper publishing, and shipping.  Singapore is an open economy and encourages trade and investment into the country.

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