What port on a name server is used for user datagram protocol UDP name request packets?
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View Discussion Show Improve Article Save Article View Discussion Improve Article Save Article DNS is an application layer protocol. All application layer protocols use one of the two transport layer protocols, UDP and TCP. TCP is reliable and UDP is not reliable. DNS is supposed to be reliable, but it uses UDP, why? Actually, DNS primarily uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port number 53 to serve requests. DNS queries consist of a single UDP request from the client followed by a single UDP reply from the server. When the length of the answer exceeds 512 bytes and both client and server support EDNS, larger UDP packets are used. Otherwise, the query is sent again using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP is also used for tasks such as zone transfers. Some resolver implementations use TCP for all queries. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System#DNS_protocol_transport Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above. The answer is DNS is mostly UDP Port 53, but as time progresses, DNS will rely on TCP Port 53 more heavily. DNS has always been designed to use both UDP and TCP port 53 from the start1 , with UDP being the default, and fall back to using TCP when it is unable to communicate on UDP, typically when the packet size is too large to push through in a single UDP packet. When Does DNS Switch to TCP?The next natural question is: when will DNS messages exceed 512 bytes? Actually, this happens quite often in today’s environment. When DNS was first implemented, the only thing that would be so large that it exceeded the 512-byte limit was a zone transfer, in which one DNS server sends every single resource record in the zone to another machine, usually another DNS server. In modern DNS systems though, we are increasingly seeing resource record sets (or RRsets) that have a larger combined size. For example, Figure FAQ-5 illustrates querying for www.example.com may yield results such as this (AAAA are IPv6 records): Or the same query might return the following TXT records, each providing a specific function such as spam detection or site verification as demonstrated in Figure FAQ-6: If a zone is signed by DNSSEC, it will routinely return large responses due to the cryptographic keys and signatures as shown in Figure FAQ-7: As more and more people adopt newer features such as IPv6, spam avoidance, and DNSSEC, DNS is more likely to switch to TCP due to the larger response size. What Happens If TCP Is Blocked?Whatever the case, when the message size exceeds 512 bytes, it will trigger the ‘TC’ bit (Truncation) in DNS to be set, informing the client that the message length has exceeded the allowed size. In these situations, the client needs to re-transmit over TCP, which has no size limit. If DNS servers and network environment cannot support large UDP packets, it will cause retransmission over TCP; if TCP is blocked, the large UDP response will either result in IP fragmentation or be dropped completely. The end symptom to the end client is usually slow DNS resolution, or inability to resolve certain domain names at all. Size Matters: EDNSYou might be wondering where the size limit of 512 bytes come from. The 512-byte UDP payload size is a dependency on IPv4. The IPv4 standard2 specifies that every host must be able to reassemble packets of 576 bytes or less, take away header and other options, that leaves 512 bytes for payload data. This is the reason why there are precisely 13 DNS root servers3 originally: 13 domain names and 13 IPv4 addresses fit nicely into a single UDP packet. This size limitation was recognized long ago as a problem. In 1999, Extension Mechanism for DNS (EDNS) was proposed, and it has been updated over the years, increasing the size all the way to 4096 bytes, or 4 kilobytes. So, if you are running a reasonably up to date DNS server, the chances of it switching to TCP should be slim(mer). However, even though EDNS has been around a long time, its support has not been as universal as it should be4 . Some network equipment, such as firewalls, might still make assumptions about DNS packet size. A firewall may drop or reject a large DNS packet, thinking it is an attack. This behavior may not have caused visible problems in the past (or it did but no one understood why), but as DNS data continues to increase in size, it is important that all network equipment is configured correctly to support large DNS packet sizes. If the network environment does not fully support large DNS messages, it may lead to the DNS message being rejected by network gear, or partially dropped during fragmentation. What this looks like to the end user is that DNS queries are going unanswered, or take a very long time, giving the impression that “DNS/network is really slow.” While EDNS is necessary for the operation of modern-day DNS, the ability to send larger messages contributed to volumetric attacks such as Amplification and Reflection. 1 RFC 1034, written in 1987, specified the use of TCP for DNS as a requirement. 2 RFC 791, which was published in 1981 3 While there are still only 13 IPv4 addresses for DNS root today, it is actually distributed across many nodes across the world using techniques such as anycast and load balancing. 4 Recognizing this problem, the DNS community held a “DNS Flag Day” event on February 1st, 2019, declaring it the day that EDNS must be fully support going forward. What port on a name server is used for UDP name request packets?Figure 8.13: DNS name lookup
A DNS server uses well-known port 53 for all its UDP activities and as its server port for TCP. It uses a random port above 1023 for TCP requests. A DNS client uses a random port above 1023 for both UDP and TCP.
In which scenario should you use the user Datagram protocol UDP )?Typically, use UDP in applications where speed is more critical than reliability. For example, it may be better to use UDP in an application sending data from a fast acquisition where it is acceptable to lose some data points. You can also use UDP to broadcast to any machine(s) listening to the server.
Which of the following does UDP provide?The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a lightweight data transport protocol that works on top of IP. UDP provides a mechanism to detect corrupt data in packets, but it does not attempt to solve other problems that arise with packets, such as lost or out of order packets.
What transport layer protocol does DNS use?DNS Transport Protocol
DNS uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port 53 to serve DNS queries. UDP is preferred because it is fast and has low overhead. A DNS query is a single UDP request from the DNS client followed by a single UDP reply from the server.
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